The aim: to study and present scientists opinions on the direct and indirect clinical and pathogenetic purine compounds metabolism relationships with the digestive system physiological and pathological processes in normal uric acid levels conditions and in hyperuricemia and gout cases. Material and methods. A comprehensive analysis of available modern scientific official sources and regulatory documents for the last decade in the Scopus, PubMed.com, E-library databases. Conclusion. Based on the modern scientific literature data and numerous studies, we can say that there is a pathogenetic relationship between the level of uric acid and the digestive organs defeat.

The article presents a literature review of modern Russian and foreign publications devoted to the study of gastric accommodation. It has been shown that accommodation of the proximal stomach plays an important role in its adaptation to food intake. This process is carried out in two stages with the participation of parasympathetic and paracrine regulation; the effects of nutrients when they enter the duodenum also play an important role. Methods for assessing gastric accommodation include gastric barostat, gastric scintigraphy with food load, drinking tests, single-photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound examination of the stomach, intragastric manometry. Violation of gastric accommodation leads to an excessive increase in intragastric pressure and the occurrence of symptoms most often found in functional dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease and diabetic gastropathy. Approaches to the treatment of gastric accommodation disorders are at the development stage, the possibilities of diet therapy, pharmacological and non-drug correction are being discussed.

Background: Histamine receptors are involved to regulate lipid metabolism, so the hypothesis will arise that pathological states with abnormal histamine levels are associated with altered plasma lipids. Objectives: To study the profile of plasma lipids in patients with gastritis and peptic ulcer (GPU). Methods: In a case-control study, 70 dyspeptic patients were selected according to clinical criteria and using gastroduodenoscopy and compared with sex and age matched normal subjects. Results: There were no significant differences in age, sex, and the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes between two groups. But allergy, the familial history of allergy and dyspeptic and H. pylori infection were more prevalent in case group compared with controls. The levels of the indices of inflammation and body hydration were the same in two groups. Patients with dyspeptic compared with the controls had the lower concentrations of serum triglyceride (139.2±44.3 vs. 153.4±91.3), p≤0.553), total cholesterol (174.6±32.4 vs. 192.8±52.0, p≤0.073, LDLc (93.4±20.2 vs. 105.4±32.2, p≤0.015) and NonHDLc (130.2±38.1 vs. 159.2±42.2, p≤0.008). The level of HDL had not a significant change (43.4±7.8 vs. 43.5±12.7, p≤0.930). Dyspeptic state had negative significant correlation with total cholesterol, LDLc and NonHDLc but not HDLc. Neither the markers of inflammation nor the indices of body hydration had significant correlation with GPU. Conclusions: The GPU patients relative to normal group had the lower levels of serum lipids. The hypolipemic effects may be attributed to increased level of histamine in GPU patients.

Purpose of the study: To assess the effect of low-mineralized sulfate-chloride-sodium mineral water (MW) on the level of motilin and cholecystokinin in the blood in functional dyspepsia and in healthy people. Materials and methods. 180 people aged 22.3±0.21 years were examined, divided into 3 groups: patients with postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) (62 people), patients with epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) (62 people), practically healthy (56 people). The severity of gastroenterological symptoms was determined using the GSRS questionnaire. In all examined patients, the concentrations of motilin and cholecystokinin in the blood were determined initially and after a single dose of 200 ml of MW. Results. The initial concentration of motilin in the blood of patients with EPS (8584,0 [7951,0; 9807,0] pg/ml) was lower than in patients with PDS (9876,0 [9340,0; 10219,0] pg/ml, p=0,000) and healthy (9779,5 [9230,0; 10027,0] pg/ml, p=0,000). The intake of MW in healthy people did not cause changes in the concentration of motilin in the blood (p=0,352), in patients with PDS it led to a decrease in its level (p=0,000), and to an increase in EPS (p=0,000). The initial level of cholecystokinin in the blood of patients with EPS (187,7 [124,0; 230,1] pg/ml) was higher (p=0,008), and in those examined with PDS (123,3 [83,5; 143,2 ] pg/ml) is lower (p=0,000) than in healthy people (145,3 [107,1; 186,2] pg/ml). MW intake led to an increase in its concentration in all three groups: healthy (p=0,014), patients with PDS (p=0,000) and EPS (p=0,000). Conclusion. Peculiarities of the dynamics of the level of motilin and cholecystokinin in the blood of patients with PDS, EPS and healthy people when taking low-mineralized sulfate-chloride-sodium MW, which must be taken into account when developing schemes for drinking balneotherapy for functional pathology of the stomach, were revealed.

Objective: a comprehensive study of neurohormonal regulatory factors and the determination of their involvement in the violation of digestive and suction functions in chronic duodenal insufficiency. Materials and methods: 60 patients with CDN were under observation. The average age of patients was 36.1±12.4 years, women were 27 (45.0%), men - 33 (55%). The control group included 30 healthy individuals. CDN was verified using anamnesis, objective data and the results of X-ray and endoscopic examinations. Protein, lipid, vitamin and trace element metabolism and hormonal background were studied using enzyme immunoassay. The enteral microbiota was studied using gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Loading absorption tests with glucose, starch and sucrose were used to assess intestinal digestion, absorption and barrier function of the DPC. All the results of the study were subjected to statistical processing. Results: All patients with CDN noted dyspeptic symptoms presented in 34 (56.7%) patients with belching (χ2=51.8, p=0.001), in 46 (76.6%) - a feeling of bitterness in the mouth (χ2=66.53, p<0.001), in 32 (53.3%) - heartburn (χ2=20.2, p<0.001), flatulence - in 34 (56.6%) (χ2=50.4, p<0.001) and mushy stools - 43 (71.6%) patients (χ2=60.2, p<0.001).In patients with CDN, there was a decrease in total protein (62.24±0.17 g/l), triglyceride levels (0.42±0.13 mmol/l) and transferrin saturation coefficient (13.2%) compared to healthy individuals, respectively (72.3±0.21 g/l, 1.5±0.04 mmol/l, 37.4%, p<0.05). When studying the digestive function of the duodenum in CDN, a violation of abdominal digestion was revealed in 57 (95%) patients, parietal digestion-in 50 (83.3%), absorption- in 44 (74.1%) patients. The resident microflora is represented (p=0.015) by a decrease in Lactobacillus spp 1245.3±0.21 cl/g x 103 and Bifidobacterium spp 1453.2±0.18cl/g x 103 (p=0.021) and a significant increase in bacteria of the genus Clostridium, Eggerthella lenta, Propionibacterium acnes, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Propionibacterium jenseni, Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus mutans (anaerobic), Streptomyces spp. Conclusion. In chronic duodenal insufficiency, according to stress tests with mono-,di- and polysaccharides, a violation was noted at all stages of hydrolysis and resorption in the duodenum. In addition, a decrease in blood transferrin, vitamins B12 and D also reflect to a certain extent a violation of resorption processes in the duodenum. The data obtained indicate the involvement of hormonal factors and parietal dysbiosis in the violation of the digestive and absorption function of the duodenum.

Aim. To study the activity of the inflammatory process in the gastric mucosa (GM) in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in schoolchildren living in a region with a high incidence of stomach and esophageal cancer. Material and methods. The transverse method in the Republic of Tyva collected data on the presence of gastroenterological complaints in 1535 schoolchildren aged 7-17 years. The main diagnostic criterion for GERD was the presence of weekly heartburn in the subjects. Subsequently, esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed with the taking of biopsy material of the mucosa of the antrum and body of the stomach in 246 children. Morphological assessment of GM was carried out in accordance with the Sydney classification after staining biopsy sections with hematoxylin-eosin. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori was carried out after staining according to Giemsa. The studies were approved by the ethics committee and the consent of the examined was obtained. Results. Schoolchildren in Tyva have a high prevalence of GERD (9.5%). Associative relationship of GERD with gastritis activity, both in the body (p=0.7338) and in the antrum (p=0.2036) was not revealed. In the antrum, the activity of gastritis was higher than in the body of the stomach (p=0.0001). In children with GERD, when infected with Helicobacter pylori, there was an increase in activity, both in the antrum (p=0.0001) and in the body of the stomach (p=0.0159). At the same time, in children with GERD, the inflammatory process is associated with infection by a microorganism, regardless of its belonging to the Cag A strain. Conclusion. An association of GERD with highly active Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis has been established, regardless of whether the microorganism belongs to the Cag A strain.

The purpose of the study. To study the coagulation profile of patients undergoing liver resections using laboratory tests and thromboelastography. Materials and methods. The results of observation of coagulological changes in 45 patients were studied: with colorectal liver metastases - 24 (53.3%) cases, with hepatocellular cancer - 14 (31.1%), with cholangiocellular cancer - 7 (15.6%). Right-sided hemihepatectomy was performed in 22 (48.9%) patients, right-sided extended hemihepatectomy - in 7 (15.6%), left-sided hemihepatectomy - in 8 (17.8%), resection of the left sector - in 8 (17.8%). Laboratory diagnostics included standard conventional coagulation tests and thromboelastography. Results. The concentrations of total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase significantly increased up to 3 days of the postoperative period inclusive. The international normalized ratio increased significantly after liver resection immediately after surgery, as well as after 1, 3 and 5 days of observation. The level of fibrinogen in the first day after surgery decreases, and then increased to the initial value. Thromboelastometric parameters indicated a stable and normal coagulation function with a short ability to hypercoagulate immediately after liver resection. Conclusion. Although standard routine laboratory tests such as activated partial thromboplastin time and international normalized ratio may remain within normal limits or indicate hypocoagulation, the patient may be at risk for thrombosis. Thromboelastography measures the rate of formation, stabilization, and lysis of a clot using whole blood, which gives a more complete picture of coagulation status. Thus, routine laboratory parameters alone should not be used to decide whether to delay thromboembolic prophylaxis after liver resection.

Background and aim: The ideal extent of resection in proximal gastric cancer is still controversial and there is no general consensus. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the results of proximal gastrectomy versus total gastrectomy in patients with proximal gastric cancer. Methods: One hundred forty-six patients who underwent total (n=96) or proximal (n=50) gastrectomy due to proximal gastric cancer in Firoozgar Hospital, in Tehran, Iran in 2015 and 2021 were enrolled. Patients were classified and evaluated according to age, sex, duration of hospitalization, 30-day mortality, histological grading and stage, resection margin, lymph node involvement, and overall survival. Results: Patients who underwent proximal gastrectomy had a significantly longer survival (P=0.025). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the number of lymph nodes removed and the status of resected margin. Cox regression analysis showed that the number of positive lymph nodes, undergoing splenectomy and grade of invasion were associated with decreased survival (P<0.05). Conclusion: The optimal treatment for proximal gastric cancer is not yet known. Although patients with proximal gastric cancer who underwent proximal gastrectomy had better survival, it might be due to the confounding effect of a grade of invasion, which needs further investigations in this field.

The use of organ-preserving interventions for cholelithiasis is not widely used in modern medicine, although there are publications in the literature about the implementation of such interventions in some clinics. In the period 2004-2006 in the Republican Center for Functional Surgical Gastroenterology (Krasnodar), 12 surgical interventions were performed for cholelithiasis with preservation of the gallbladder (laparoscopic cholecystolithoextraction). From 2009 to 2011 the patients were called and examined (the first follow-up examination, on average 2.2 years after the operation). There were no signs of recurrence in 9 operated patients (of which 4 had an echogenic homogeneous suspension), in 3 patients a recurrence of stone formation was detected. Due to the reorganization and subsequent closure of the center, communication with patients was terminated. In 2023 (on average 15.5 years after surgery), patients who did not have a relapse at the first follow-up examination were examined. It was found that 3 out of 9 patients had no gallbladder stones, 3 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to relapse after the first follow-up examination, with 3 patients the relationship could not be established. The results of laparoscopic cholecystolithoextraction were analyzed depending on the clinical situation.

Metabolic dysfunction associated steatatotic liver disease (MASLD) and hypertension are two chronic progressive diseases that require a comprehensive approach. The article discusses approaches to the appointment of hypotensive and hypolipidemic therapy in patients with MASLD, depending on the stage of the disease.

The number of patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) is steadily increasing. According to the 2023 update published by the European Association for the Study of the Liver, liver diseases account for two million deaths annually and account for 4% of all deaths (1 in every 25 deaths worldwide). This review emphasizes the need for early detection and control of these diseases course, as a factor that improves the patient's prognosis. It is proposed to use a new scale of the CLivD indicator (Chronic Liver Disease indicator), based on the assessment of risk factors widely available in physician practice, to predict the risk of developing progressive liver disease in the general population.

Parietal cell proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have become firmly established in clinician practice. When discussing the features of their action, as a rule, researchers focus on their antisecretory effect. In the available literature, we found only a single report on the effect of PPIs on the motor-evacuation function of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). We have found that the PPI rabeprazole not only has an antisecretory effect, but also normalizes the motor-evacuation function of all parts of the gastrointestinal tract. In this regard, it can be used in patients with gastric hypersecretion in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) with impaired motor-evacuation function. Aim. To study the effect of the antisecretory drug rabeprazole on the state of gastrointestinal motility in patients suffering from FGID of the gastrointestinal tract and overlap syndrome (overlap syndrome) with functional dyspepsia (FD) with gastric hypersecretion and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Material and methods. We examined 30 patients suffering from FGID of the gastrointestinal tract and cross syndrome - FD with gastric hypersecretion and IBS. To relieve clinical symptoms of FD, the drug rabeprazole 20 mg was prescribed once a day for 14 days. Before and after the start of treatment, patients were examined with VAS and SF-36 tests, intragastric pH-metry and peripheral electrogastroenterocolography (EGECG) were performed. Results. In all 30 patients with FGID of the gastrointestinal tract with FD and overlap syndrome with IBS, gastric hypersecretion was eliminated within 3 hours after taking 20 mg of rabeprazole. 2 weeks after the start of treatment, abdominal pain and heartburn were completely eliminated in 28 (93.3%) patients. In all (100%) patients with FGID of the gastrointestinal tract with gastric hypersecretion and overlap syndrome, after two weeks of treatment, sour belching disappeared, and nausea disappeared in 23 (77%) patients. Rabeprazole therapy in the examined individuals was accompanied by a marked improvement in the quality of life in all assessed SF-36 parameters. 2 weeks after starting rabeprazole, in patients with FGID of the gastrointestinal tract and overlap syndrome of FD and IBS, the frequency of bowel movements and stool quality were normalized, and according to the results of EGECG, the relative myoelectric activity (P(i)/PS) of the gastrointestinal tract and the rhythmicity coefficient (Kritm) were normalized. Conclusion. Rabeprazole quickly neutralizes gastric secretion and helps eliminate symptoms of FD. It also has a beneficial effect on the motor-evacuation function of all parts of the gastrointestinal tract, normalizing the frequency of bowel movements, stool quality and myoelectric activity of all parts of the gastrointestinal tract according to EGECG. Rabeprazole can be used in patients with FGID with FD with gastric hypersecretion and overlap syndrome with IBS.

A case from practice is presented, demonstrating the development of small-intestinal intussusception in a patient, the pathogenetic cause of which was polyps of the small intestine. Despite the fact that the patient twice, before entering the surgical clinic with acute intestinal obstruction, came to the attention of medical workers (the first time with signs of gastrointestinal bleeding, the second time with abdominal pain), the patient was not properly examined, although, retrospectively, it can be assumed that the arsenal of diagnostic methods that were at the disposal of physicians made it possible to make a correct clinical diagnosis. With a very high degree of probability, it can be argued that in both cases, the cause of the patient's problems was the polyps of the small intestine. During the last hospitalization, the patient, despite the preoperative diagnosis that was not entirely accurate in terms of the wording, but absolutely correct in terms of tactics, was promptly performed an adequate surgical intervention in terms of volume. Particular attention of surgeons is drawn to the mandatory need for careful palpation and visual revision of all parts of the small intestine when performing surgical interventions for completed small intestinal intussusceptions.

The development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in neonates with duct-dependent congenital heart defects (CHD) who underwent cardiac surgery is accompanied by high mortality. Analysis of predictors is necessary for understanding the pathophysiology of NEC and development of approaches for prevention to achieve favorable outcomes of cardiac surgery. The purpose of the study was to develop a prognostic model for predicting the development of NEC after cardiac surgery in neonates with duct-dependent CHD. Methods. A prognostic cohort study was performed that included full-term neonates with duct-dependent CHD who underwent cardiac surgery at the Almazov National Medical Research Center from January 2021 to September 2023. The outcome was the development/absence of stage IB-III NEC in the postoperative period. Biomarkers of NEC (intestinal fatty acid binding protein (i-FABP, ng/ml), claudin-3 (CLDN3, ng/ml), calprotectin (CALPR, ng/ml), ischemia modified albumin (IMA, ng/ml), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF A, pg/ml)) were measured by ELISA in the blood serum before cardiac surgery and 12-14 hours after surgery. We also analyzed clinical characteristics of neonates, C-reactive protein levels, complete blood count, abdominal ultrasound, ejection fraction (EF, Teicholtz) in the preoperative and postoperative periods, surgical parameters, P(v-a)CO2/C(a-v)O2 upon arrival from the operating room, vasoactive inotropic score (VIS) and arterial blood lactate levels in the first 24 hours after surgery. The association between predictors and the development of NEC after cardiac surgery was assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Internal validation of the model was performed using 10-fold cross-validation. Results. During the observation period, 187 neonates underwent surgical treatment of duct-dependent CHD, of which 32 children developed stage IB-III NEC in the postoperative period (17.1%), two neonates required surgical treatment of NEC (6.3%). After meeting the non-inclusion and exclusion criteria, two groups of patients were formed: a main group (30 neonates who developed stages IB-III NEC in the postoperative period, of which stage III NEC was in one neonate) and a comparison group (40 neonates without NEC). Groups were comparable by types of CHD. Predictors associated with NEC (univariate analysis): intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), formula feeding before surgery, high levels of IMA before on the first postoperative day (POD), procedures performed before surgery (Rashkind procedure/valvuloplasty/stenting), lower EF in in the early postoperative period, a higher maximum level of VIS in the first 24 hours after surgery, as well as a higher level of IR in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and thickening of the intestinal wall on the first postoperative day (POD) Independent preoperative predictors of NEC (AUC of model 0.885, specificity 0.867): IUGR (OR 32.2 (1.4-730.3), p=0.029), formula feeding (OR 12.6 (2.6-60.2), p=0.002), IMA level before surgery (OR 1.03 (1.01-1.04), p=0.004), CLDN3 level before surgery (OR 0.5 (0.3-0.9), p=0.013). Independent early postoperative predictors of NEC: IMA level on 12-14 hour after surgery (OR 1.02 (1.01-1.03), p=0.030), P(v-a)CO2/C(a-v)O2 immediately after surgery (OR 2.3 (1.2-4.4), p=0.008), IR>0.93 in SMA (OR 7.2 (1.6-32.4), p=0.011) and thickness of intestinal wall by ultrasound on POD 1 (OR 4.9 (1.3-19.2), p=0.021). Adding of VEGF A level (12-14 hour after surgery, negatively associated with NEC) to the model increased the specificity, but the predictor was not significant. AUC of postoperative model 0.862, specificity 0.800. The final model included preoperative (IUGR, formula feeding) and postoperative predictors (IMA, P(v-a)CO2/C(a-v)O2, IR of SMA>0.93, intestinal wall thickness), AUC=0.921, specificity 0.83. Conclusion. The identified predictors indirectly indicate the role of hypoxia in the pathophysiology of NEC in term neonates with duct-dependent CHD. Breast milk feeding/mixed feeding in the preoperative period may help reduce the risk of NEC in the postoperative period. Low levels of CLDN3 before surgery were associated with the development of NEC, but the interpretation of the result is controversial.

The purpose of the study. Improvement of the author's Neurogenic-genetic theory of the etiology of the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease. Materials and methods: To develop the author's view on the etiology and pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease, about 50 different publications were processed and the results of their own research were analyzed. Results. Consequently, the neurogenic-genetic theory of the etiology and pathogenesis of gastric and duodenal ulcer very optimally explains the cause-and-effect relationships in a patient with ULCER, allowing for variants of the prevalence of neurosis factor or local genetic factors in one case or another. However, another thing is obvious, that only a combination of a neurogenic factor with a genetically altered reactivity of the gastroduodenal system (the presence of a target organ) causes the chronic ulcers. The theory of peptic ulcer disease developed by us, as a disease related to psychosomatic pathology, allows us to develop effective therapy, including drugs with a psychocorregulating effect.

The vagus nerve is an essential connection between the body and the brain that controls vital aspects of autonomic physiology such as respiration, heart rate, blood pressure and intestinal motility, reflexes such as coughing and swallowing, and survival behaviors such as eating, drinking and response to nausea. The stomach has a complex nervous apparatus. The innervation of the stomach is provided by both the somatic and the autonomic nervous system. The stomach receives innervation from the vagus nerve and derivatives of the celiac plexus (superior mesenteric, gastric, splenic, hepatic). The vagus nerve has the greatest influence on the work of the stomach and intestines. The vagus nerve is the longest splanchnic nerve, literally wandering throughout the body. The vagus nerves play a dominant role in stimulating gastric secretion. The basal or continuous secretion of gastric juice in normal humans is entirely due to tonic impulses in the vagus nerves. The purpose of our review was to identify the pathogenetic role of the vagus nerve in gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Eosinophilic esophagitis and asthma are often found as part of comorbid pathology in children and adults, along with other manifestations of atopy. The two diseases share similar pathophysiology due to T-helper type 2 responses, common treatment approaches such as the use of glucocorticosteroids and targeted anti-cytokine biologic therapy. Patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, as with asthma, often have elevated serum markers of atopy, including IgE levels, peripheral eosinophil counts, and T-helper type 2-associated cytokines. A review of the literature shows that the true incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis remains poorly understood due to the difficulty of diagnosing this pathology, which has a mask of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroesophageal reflux disease has been shown to influence asthma through microaspiration, airway hyperresponsiveness, and increased vagal tone. Understanding the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and eosinophilic esophagitis is also being actively explored. Many works show the high efficacy of PPIs in the initial treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The development of new clinical diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic esophagitis will improve the differential diagnosis of this disease and the improvement of therapeutic strategies for managing this pathology, especially in combination with asthma.

The aim of the study - is to study the effect of a new coronavirus infection on the human pancreas. Research materials. An analysis for blood α-amylase, as well as ultrasound of the abdominal cavity, namely the pancreas, was carried out. This study involved 20 patients, 10 had a concomitant disease in the form of diabetes mellitus and 10 without it. The results of the research. During the research, all patients had relatively the same dynamics of pancreatic lesions, without any pronounced manifestations of pancreatitis. The shift of analyses in favor of this pathology indicates more to the glucocorticosteroid therapy that patients received in the treatment of covid-19 coronavirus infection. Only one of the 20 patients studied had a classic manifestation of pancreatitis. Conclusions. Acute pancreatitis is a rare complication of COVID-19, and it is not often associated with this infection. Nevertheless, acute pancreatitis with SARS-CoV-2 infection is considered to have a higher risk of severe course and poor clinical outcomes, including the risk of organ dysfunction and higher inpatient mortality compared to patients with acute pancreatitis negative for SARS-CoV-2.

The aim of the study - to analyze the pathogenesis of liver damage in COVID-19, as well as to study the features of diagnosis. Research materials: literature and own data on the peculiarities of the pathogenesis of liver damage were analyzed, as well as an assessment of laboratory and instrumental diagnostics in patients with COVID-19. The results of the research. In patients, liver damage was manifested by an increase in liver enzymes, as well as a diffuse decrease in its density during CT. The severity of the disease is caused by a cytokine storm caused by a dysfunctional immune response to the virus, viral virulence factors, as well as the presence of concomitant diseases, especially those associated with liver pathology, such as cirrhosis or steatosis. Conclusions. The new COVID-19 coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread worldwide. The main target is the organs of the respiratory system. However, among the patients with COVID-19, there were lesions of the central nervous system, intestines, myocardium and liver. Liver dysfunction in most cases should be considered as a result of secondary damage due to CVD, ARDS, hypoxia, multiple organ failure, exposure to immune factors, and taking hepatotoxic drugs.

Zarivchatsky Mikhail Fedorovich - surgeon, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, Academician of the Academy of Natural Sciences, former Vice-Rector for academic work, head of the Department of Surgical Diseases of Medical Faculty of Prevention, Perm State Medical University named after Academician E. A. Wagner, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Aim to highlight the life path, the biography of the great doctor Zarivchatsky Mikhail Fedorovich and his contribution to the development of surgery, science and healthcare of the Udmurt Republic Materials and research methods. To achieve this goal, it was carried out a theoretical analysis and generalization of literature data on the topic.

The article presents a translation of the chapter 404 of the work of Austrian anatomist Josef Hyrtl "Onomatologia anatomica" (1880, Vien), where author provides own point of view on discovery of ileo-caecal valve (Bauhin’s valve). According to Hyrtl, the Italian anatomist Gabriele Fallopio (1523-1562) should be considered the discoverer of this structure.