Obesity is the largest pandemic in the world, and its prevalence continues to increase. The purpose of the presented publication is to raise awareness of doctors about modern methods of diagnosing obesity and approaches to therapy, using an interdisciplinary team approach similar to that used in other chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease and cancer. The article presents data from the World Gastroenterological Organization (2023) and the European Guidelines for the Treatment of Obesity in patients with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver (2022). According to modern approaches, obesity should be considered as a chronic recurrent progressive disease, the treatment of which requires a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach involving psychologists and psychiatrists, nutritionists/nutritionists, therapists, endoscopists and surgeons, including lifestyle changes, a well-defined diet and exercise regimen, drug therapy, endoscopic or surgical methods of treatment. Conclusions. In order to stop the growing wave of obesity and its many complications and costs, doctors, insurance companies and health authorities should make systematic efforts to raise public awareness of both the adverse health risks associated with obesity and the potential reduction of risks through a comprehensive approach to therapy.

The aim of the study: to study the characteristics of the course of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), associated with overweight and obesity, to optimize the management of this group of patients. Material and methods. An open-label cross-sectional study was performed including 175 participants aged 18 to 44 years (mean age 30.06 ± 6.15 years). Group 1 included 100 patients with IBS aged 18 to 44 years (mean age 30.63 ± 6.37 years, BMI 25.88 ± 6.28 kg/m2). In group 1, subgroup 1A included 50 people with IBS associated with overweight or obesity. Subgroup 1B included 50 IBS patients with normal weight. Group 2 included 75 people who did not suffer from IBS, aged from 19 to 43 years (mean age 29.31 ± 5.81 years, BMI 27.80 ± 6.20 kg/m2). Subgroup 2A included 50 participants who did not suffer from IBS and were overweight or obese. Subgroup 2B included 25 apparently healthy participants. The presence and severity of IBS symptoms were assessed using a 10-point scale. The severity of gastrointestinal symptoms, the presence of anxiety and depression, the level of specific anxiety, quality of life and eating habits were assessed using verified questionnaires. All participants underwent a study of the levels of leptin and adiponectin in the blood serum and zonulin in the feces. Results. The characteristic clinical stigmas in patients suffering from IBS associated with overweight and obesity are described: IBS with a predominance of constipation, severe course of the disease, high incidence of signs of depressive and anxiety disorders, special eating habits characterized by the predominance of flour, sweet, fatty and salty foods in the diet food, severe disturbances in the permeability of the intestinal epithelial barrier. High concentrations of leptin and low levels of adiponectin in the blood serum of such patients may play a significant role in the formation of IBS symptoms. Conclusion. The results obtained open up opportunities for research into the pathogenetic mechanisms of the formation of IBS in people with overweight and obesity, as well as modification of existing treatment regimens for patients with IBS.

In recent decades, there has been a steady increase in the number of patients with non-communicable chronic diseases in developed economic countries, which include all nosologies of metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammatory diseases. To date, there is no doubt that pro-inflammatory pathogenetic mechanisms and changes in intestinal microbiocenosis associated with obesity are promoters of many non-communicable diseases. The “Westernized” style of nutrition influences the intraspecific qualitative and quantitative diversity of the intestinal microbiome, leading to a change in the permeability of the intestinal barrier and triggering an immune response. Recent studies show that about 15-40 % of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are obese, and another 20-40 % are overweight. The coexistence of inflammation, obesity and metabolic syndrome in patients with ulcerative colitis is becoming more and more frequent, meanwhile, there is a discrepancy between the severity of the disease and weight indicators, which may be unchanged and even exceed the norm. The effects associated with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity negatively affect the quality of life of patients with ulcerative colitis and long-term results. Sarcopenia acts as an independent predictor of surgical interventions in patients with IBD, is associated with high activity of the disease and with a higher frequency of postoperative complications, and is also a marker of the need for escalation of therapy. The general mechanisms of development indicate that the management of these conditions should be considered in a complex.

Despite great advances in the treatment of oncological diseases, the development of medical technologies to prevent or reduce complications of therapy, in particular, those associated with surgery and the introduction of antibiotics, remains relevant. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of autoprobiotics based on indigenous non-pathogenic strains of Enterococcus faecium and E. hirae in the complex therapy of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the early postoperative period. The use of autoprobiotics did not cause side effects and led to a decrease in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-18) in the blood serum. The features of the intestinal microbiome in patients with CRC were revealed, which are fundamentally different from those of other authors by an increase in alpha- biodiversity, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and its additional differences associated with the absence of non-pathogenic enterococci: a greater amount of Parvimonas micra, a smaller amount of Akkermansia spp., an increase in the content of Klebsiella sp., Fusobacterium nucleatum and Clostridium perfringens. The use of autoprobiotics led to the elimination of P. micra, a decrease in C. perfringens, which led to the normalization of the microbiota in most patients. The effectiveness of autoprobiotics in the treatment of CRC has been proven, which, apparently, is associated with a change in the composition of intestinal microbiocenosis.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) continues to be one of the most common diseases in primary health care. In recent years, the presence of several diseases in the same patient at the same time has been widely discussed. An increase in persons suffering from several chronic diseases is associated with a deterioration in the quality of life, a high risk of hospitalization and mortality, and taking into account the presence of co/poly/multimorbidity is necessary for decision-making when developing a patient management strategy in primary health care. Studies on GERD, obesity and bronchial asthma have shown that there are common and bidirectional mechanisms in the development of these diseases. And, there are many gaps in understanding these relationships, it is important to identify concomitant diseases, since they can be the cause of resistance to therapy, to form an unfavorable prognosis of their course.

Butyric acid (BA, butyrate) is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) - a metabolite of the human gut microbiota (GM). This SCFA is represented in a larger amount relative to other SCFAs and is synthesized by butyrate-producing representatives of GM via various pathways. The substrate for the synthesis of BA is some food products, mainly starch and to a lesser extent dairy products. The synthesis of BA is directly or indirectly influenced by various factors, including dietary habits, antibacterial therapy, as well as harmful habits (smoking, alcohol abuse). Numerous data confirm the important role of BA in various metabolic processes. The effects of BA are of particular relevance in endocrinology as one of the potential mechanisms for controlling carbohydrate metabolism and body weight. Given the large amount of data on the correlation of an increase in the level of BA with the positive dynamics of metabolic parameters, as well as the presence of a wide range of pleiotropic effects of BA, it is interesting to study ways to control the metabolism of GM and, in particular, the production of BA. At the moment, there is no doubt about such method as the modification of nutrition. The use of dietary fiber, transplantation of fecal microbiota and the use of genetic engineering methods to improve the butyrate-producing properties of bacteria are actively discussed. Nevertheless, there are no unambiguous recommendations regarding the most effective way to manage the level of BA as an element of the treatment and prevention of obesity.

The article highlights the pharmacological activity of berberine, as well as its place in the treatment of the current epidemic - metabolic syndrome. The review examines the molecular mechanisms that allows achieving anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects in detail. Berberine’s pharmacological profile makes it possible to have a positive effect on the pathway of obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipoproteinemia, the intestinal microbiome and insulin resistance. In addition, the article reviews the main pharmacokinetic parameters and side effects of chemically unmodified berberine.

The purpose of this study was to study the phenotypes of eating behavior in patients with NAFLD and their determining factors. Discussion: fatty liver disease has a high prevalence (24-26%) with an upward trend in both developed and developing countries, and in the coming years may become one of the main causes of liver transplantation. The clinical features of the disease are in most cases its asymptomatic course, which can progress to fibrosis/cirrhosis and is associated with the risk of a number of serious extrahepatic diseases (cardiovascular, oncological and others). The mechanisms underlying the formation of increased health risks and disease prognosis are multifactorial. Metabolic disorders, orthorexia nervosa, eating disorders and vegetative effects are considered as possible pathogenetic mechanisms for increasing the risk of NAFLD incidence. Conclusion: the study showed that complex behavioral psycho-social factors are involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and changing eating behavior is an important component of therapy. Dysfunctional eating behavior can be a barrier to long-term success from therapy.

The aim of the study: to determine the influence of genetic predisposition and diet on the risk of severe acute pancreatitis (АР). Materials and methods. The results of diagnostics and treatment of 547 patients with acute pancreatitis were analyzed, 97 of them had a severe АР. Patients' blood DNA samples were used as research material. Detailed questionnaire on nutrition was carried out, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the food consumed was assessed. Genomic DNA was isolated using the standard PCE method. Genotyping was performed on a MALDI-TOF MassARRAY-4 analyzer. The role of the following polymorphic variants was studied: SPINK1 C>T (rs6580502), PRSS1 C>T (rs10273639), CFTR A>G (rs213950), TNF -308 G>A (rs1800629), IL1B A>G (rs16944), IL5 A>G (rs2069812), IL6 G>C (rs1800795), IL10 T>C (rs1800896), CETP G>A (rs708272) and LPL T>G (rs320). Statistical analysis was performed using SNPStats and Statistica 10.0 software. Results. In our study, we found that carriers of A/A rs2069812 IL5, G/G-G/C rs1800795 IL6 and T/T rs320 LPL genotypes increased the risk of severe acute pancreatitis. Alcohol abuse increases the risk of severe disease in carriers of T/T SPINK1 (rs6580502) and A/A CFTR (rs213950) genotypes. Constant exposure to alimentary risk factor manifested by increased consumption of fatty foods increases the risk in carriers of G/A-A/A rs 16944 IL1B, reduced protein and carbohydrate intake with food - in carriers of G/A-A/A rs2069812 IL5, carbohydrate - in carriers of G/A-A/A rs708272 CETP. Conclusion. Predictive diagnostics plays an important role in the prevention of severe acute pancreatitis, eliminating the effects of risk factors in carriers of genotypes associated with a severe course of the disease will make it possible to achieve positive success in the prevention of AP, to reduce the frequency of complications and the development of its severe course, to reduce mortality.

Background: Pancreatic cancer is a relatively uncommon type of cancer, although it is often very aggressive and highly metastases to other parts of the body. Investigating a potential gene marker or gene targeted therapy can improve the patient’s early prognosis and/or treatment. Objectives: In this study, we identify Integrin Subunit Alpha 2 (ITGA2) as a potential target in inhibiting pancreatic cancer progression. Materials and Methods: Cell cycle analysis, gene expression level, and cell proliferation assay are implanted in this study as investigational methods. Two-tailed student's t test is used to compare between the studied groups. Results: Cell cycle analysis for the transformed cell lines revealed increasing in G0/G1 phase and entering the cells the cell cycle arrest (quiescence) after knocking down ITGA2 expression. On the other hand, knocking down the ITGA2 effect, the mesenchymal to epithelial transition and the migration possibility of the cell lines by inhibiting the expression of metastatic marker vimentin. Furthermore, ITGA2 can manipulate the tumor microenvironment by downregulating extracellular matrix proteins (ECM-proteins) LAMB3, and LAMC2. Conclusion: ITGA2 downregulation reduces the cell proliferation, induces the cell cycle arrest, and reduce the possibility of metastasis in pancreatic cancer.

Purpose of the study. Assessment of the most significant markers of nutritional deficiency in patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer. Materials and methods. The study involved 20 patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer (5 men and 15 women), the median age in men was 56.3 years, in women - 61.0 years. These patients were observed at the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution MCSC named after A. S. Loginov Department of Health from 2019 to 2021. Stage of the oncological process in the observed patients: T3-5%, T4-95% (according to the TNM system). All patients underwent a comprehensive assessment of nutritional status: laboratory testing of protein deficiency markers (total protein, albumin, absolute lymphocyte count) and bioimpedance analysis of human body composition (BIA) using the ABC-01 MEDASS apparatus. Results. The analysis of individual BIA indicators (active cell mass (ACM), percentage of active cell mass in lean body mass (%ACM)) showed a deficiency of incoming proteins, heterogeneous metabolic activity of body tissues, the presence of physical inactivity, a positive average correlation (r = 0. 4) between the value of the phase angle and the level of total protein in the blood, a positive weak correlation between the value of the phase angle and the level of albumin in the blood (r=0.1) and between the level of the phase angle and the absolute number of lymphocytes in the blood (r=0.2). Conclusion. The obtained laboratory and instrumental data did not reveal clear patterns in changes in markers of nutritional deficiency in patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer, which may be due to the specific treatment received. It is necessary to continue the search for more sensitive markers as part of a comprehensive assessment of nutritional status.

Iron overload in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a fairly common phenomenon that receives very little attention in clinical practice. However, iron overload, leading to hemosiderosis (deposition of “indigestible” nanodispersed iron oxides in various tissues) significantly aggravates NAFLD, stimulating increased chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and hemosiderosis of other organs. As a result, ferroptosis of hepatocytes occurs (apoptosis caused by iron overload and hemosiderosis), which accelerates the transformation of non-alcoholic steatosis into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and, subsequently, into liver cirrhosis. Iron overload is aggravated by micronutrient deficiencies and pathogenic intestinal microbiota. The paper presents the results of a systematic analysis of this issue, describes the prospects for therapy using micronutrients and human placenta hydrolysates (HPP), which contribute not only to the regeneration of liver tissue, but also to the normalization of iron homeostasis.

Iron overload in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a fairly common phenomenon that receives very little attention in clinical practice. However, iron overload, leading to hemosiderosis (deposition of “indigestible” nanodispersed iron oxides in various tissues) significantly aggravates NAFLD, stimulating increased chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and hemosiderosis of other organs. As a result, ferroptosis of hepatocytes occurs (apoptosis caused by iron overload and hemosiderosis), which accelerates the transformation of non-alcoholic steatosis into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and, subsequently, into liver cirrhosis. Iron overload is aggravated by micronutrient deficiencies and pathogenic intestinal microbiota. The paper presents the results of a systematic analysis of this issue, describes the prospects for therapy using micronutrients and human placenta hydrolysates (HPP), which contribute not only to the regeneration of liver tissue, but also to the normalization of iron homeostasis.

Aim of investigation. To study the relationship of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) with a morphological features of chronic liver diseases (CLD). Materials and methods. 76 patients with CLD of viral or alcoholic etiology aged from 18 to 64 years were examined. Chronic hepatitis was diagnosed in 59 patients, liver cirrhosis (class A according Child-Pugh score) was detected in 17 cases. The control group consisted of 72 practically healthy people. The blood levels of MMP-1, MMP-9, TIMP-1 were determined by enzyme immunoassay, and the ratio of TIMP-1/MMP-1, TIMP-1/MMP-9 was calculated. Results. There was an increase in the concentration of TIMP-1 and MMP-1 in the blood, the ratio of TIMP-1/MMP-9, a decrease in the ratio of TIMP-1/MMP-1 in CLD. In moderate and severe histological activity of CLD the levels of TIMP-1 and MMP-9 were higher, and the ratio of TIMP-1/MMP-9 was lower than in patients with histological activity index values less than 9 points. In patients with liver cirrhosis (fibrosis F4), the maximum values of TIMP-1, TIMP-1/MMP-1 and TIMP-1/MMP-9 were determined, which differed from the corresponding values for fibrosis F0-1 and F2. The blood levels of MMP-9 more than 410 ng/ml predicted severe inflammation in CLD with an accuracy of 82.9 %. The blood levels of TIMP-1 above 624 ng/ml, TIMP-1/MMP-1 more than 37.1, TIMP-1/MMP-9 more than 7.33 had high accuracy (82.9, 80.3, 80.3 %, respectively) in the prediction of liver cirrhosis (fibrosis F4). Conclusion. The imbalance in the matrix metalloproteinase system is associated with the morphological features of CLD and is characterized by hyperexpression of MMP-9 in cases of severe inflammation and increased activity of TIMP-1 in severe stages of liver fibrosis.

Purpose: Comparative analysis of the expression level of long non-coding RNAs MALAT1, GAS5, DANCR, TUG1 in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of healthy people and patients with NAFLD (liver steatosis, NASH of varying activity, liver cirrhosis). Materials and methods: We examined 106 patients diagnosed with NAFLD for the first time: 31 patients with liver steatosis (LS), 64 patients with weak (WA), moderate (MA) and high (HA) NASH activity and 11 patients at the stage of liver cirrhosis (LC). The control group consisted of 30 healthy donors. The mRNA level of the TUG1, DANCR, MALAT1, GAS5 genes in PBL was determined by RT-PCR. Results: A higher level of expression of the TUG1 gene was registered in the PBL of patients with NASH-WA compared to LS, and a tendency was revealed to increase the level of TUG1 mRNA in the PBL with increasing NASH activity, which indicates the possibility of using the level of TUG1 expression in the PBL as a minimally invasive diagnostic (to distinguish between LS and NASH-WA) and a prognostic marker (with the progression of NAFLD). Analysis of the expression level of lncRNA MALAT1 showed no significant differences between all studied groups. Results were obtained indicating complex dynamics of the GAS5 expression level: the level of transcripts increases during the formation of liver steatosis and then decreases during the transition to NASH. It was shown that the level of DANCR expression in the PBL of patients with NASH-WA is significantly lower than in patients with liver steatosis and NASH-MA. Conclusion: New data were obtained on the expression level of the MALAT1, GAS5, DANCR, TUG1 lncRNAs in the PBL of patients with NAFLD, indicating the possibility of using the level of TUG1 expression in the PBL as a minimally invasive diagnostic and prognostic marker in NAFLD. It has also been shown that the level of DANCR mRNA in PBL may have some diagnostic value in distinguishing between LS and NASH-WA.

The aim of this review is to summarise the current knowledge on the role of adipokines on the development and progression of MAFLD. Discussion: diagnostic criteria for metabolic-associated liver disease (MAFLD) versus non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are presented. The pathogenetic aspects of metabolic disorders in MAFLD are discussed. The potential role of various adipokines such as leptin, resistin, vasfastin, ghrelin, adiponectin and others is considered. Data from our own studies and foreign studies are presented. Conclusion: given the pandemic growth of MAFLD and its association with cardiovascular risk and obesity, the question of how to properly curate patients with comorbid to reduce risks is timely and highly relevant. Adipokines contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of MAFLD. Among all, leptin and adiponectin are the most promising and well studied. That is why strategies aimed at restoring leptin and adiponectin balance may have an impact on the course of MAFLD.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the status and capabilities of modern types of diagnostics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as part of a meta-analysis of scientific data. Materials and methods. The literature search was carried out in electronic databases Cochrane Library, PubMed.gov, Elsevier.com, Google Scholar. The analysis of the data obtained was focused on works published between 2010 and 2023 (the bias in the form of later studies was used in isolated cases when it came to fundamental scientometric data). Results. After reviewing 693 scientific papers for duplication and inconsistency, 38 sources were selected. Conclusions. The analysis of scientific data revealed that despite the understanding of the pathogenetic causes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the complexity of this disease, liver biopsy still remains the gold standard for assessing liver health. In this regard, there is a need to introduce accessible non-imaging tools and accurate biomarkers, with the help of which it will be possible not only to make an adequate diagnosis, but also to analyze new treatments for NAFLD in clinical trials.

The article shows that chronic opisthorchiasis is a systemic and comorbid disease caused by the trematode Opistorhis felineus when consuming fish of the carp family that is not sufficiently salted or heat-treated. The systemic nature of the disease lies in the fact that with opisthorchiasis, the organs of the helminth’s permanent habitat are affected; organs located on the paths of its migration, as well as intact organs and systems. The described syndromes and symptoms indicate the comorbidity of the pathology. The author describes a three-stage system for the treatment of chronic opisthorchiasis, including gentle specific therapy.

The results of a study of the clinical efficacy of dietary treatment in patients with non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) with the additional inclusion of a new specialized nutritional functional dietary product “A mixture of essential nutrients multicomponent dry” (SENMS) in the product content of the standard D3 diet are presented. 75 patients with NAFLD were examined (39 - study group, 36 - control group). The patients in the study group received 6 g of SENMS daily for 2 weeks, consisting of 6 ingredients that are sources of biologically active substances: inulin, green tea extract, dry red wine extract, L-carnitine, grape seed extract, coenzyme Q10. As a result of the conducted study, it was proved that the SEMS in patients with NAFLD contributed to a faster decrease in the severity of hepatic parenchymal inflammation compared with the control, improved cholesterol metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and quality of life indicators of patients. In conclusion, the expediency of using a new specialized functional dietary food product “A mixture of essential nutrients multicomponent dry” in dietary treatment programs for patients with NAFLD was noted.

The most frequent complication of endoscopic papillosphincterotomy (EPST) is acute pancreatitis. This complication is supposed to be based on mechanical, chemical, hydrostatic, enzymatic and thermal impact on pancreatic ducts and parenchyma. According to different literature data, the incidence of post-EPST pancreatitis (PEP) varies from 30 to 40%, and the mortality rate is 2-10%. The aim of the investigation was to expand information about peculiarities of early diagnostics and prevention of post-EST pancreatitis at the present stage. To reach the set goal we analyzed 559 case histories of patients with diagnosed cholelithiasis, 319 of them underwent EPST. During the study it was found out, that elevated neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio over 4,96 (p=0,001), high LDH level over 250 IU/ml (p=0,01), as well as C-reactive to albumin index over 0,180 (p=0,001) are reliable markers of early diagnosis. Also, indirect diagnostic markers of PEEP are biochemical signs of cholestasis and cytolysis of hepatocytes, as well as hyperglycemia combined with glucosuria. We consider the inclusion of intraoperative injections of papillotomy wound margins with Epinephrine in combination with subsequent Somatostatin administration in combination with rectal Diclofenac and intravenous hydration with Reamberin to be the most effective strategy for PEP prevention. Thus, we can conclude that despite the ongoing research and the search for effective algorithms for the prevention and early diagnosis of PEP, their data often contradict each other or simply do not confirm their effectiveness. The problem of prevention and diagnosis of PEP remains complex and requires further study. There are discrepancies, sometimes significant ones, in the current literature, which provides grounds for the development and research of new methods of early diagnosis and prevention.

Chronic pancreatitis in children is a continuous or recurrent disease characterized by irreversible inflammatory and destructive changes in the pancreas (PG), progressive fibrosis, accompanied by a gradual decrease in its exocrine and endocrine functions. In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in patients with CP; the incidence in children is estimated at 2 cases per 100,000 people. According to the literature, pancreatic cancer in the outcome of chronic pancreatitis in childhood is 6.2%. Mortality rates for CP vary in different studies: 15-20% of children with CP die from complications and secondary disorders. The purpose of the study is to study current problems and determine the prospects for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis in children based on a review of modern literature. Materials and methods. As part of the preparation, a systematic review of the world and domestic literature on the surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis in children was carried out. Results. A literature search confirmed the lack of consensus regarding the surgical treatment of CP in children. The small number of observations does not allow us to analyze the long-term results of surgical treatment of children with CP. Patients with hereditary pancreatitis pose a particular challenge; treatment algorithms for this group of patients are not described in the literature. Also in the literature there are isolated descriptions of complications with CP in children; there are no reliable results of the effectiveness of surgical intervention for endocrine and exocrine insufficiency in children. It is necessary to conduct scientific and practical research to develop indications for surgical treatment of children with CP and to verify specific complications.

The goal. To study the effect of hepatoprotective drug “Remaxol” on morphology of the liver and pancreas as well as on blood serum indices in rats with alcohol damage. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on mature male white laboratory rats divided into three groups: the first (control group) - intact animals, the second and third (experimental groups) - daily part of the rats received 40 % aqueous ethanol solution (96 % ethanol in a dose of 8ml/kg weight) for 7 days, then part of the rats from the experimental group were injected “Remaxol” in a dose 5 mg/kg weight daily for 7 days. Morphological study of the liver and its macrostructure was carried out; diameters of hepatocytes, sinusoid capillaries and pancreatic acini in animals of the control and experimental groups were measured; general and biochemical blood parameters were assessed. Results. Blood tests demonstrated acute alcohol poisoning in experimental groups (leukocytosis); short-term (7 days) alcohol damage had less effect on the size of hepatocytes than on the size of pancreatic acini; pancreatic acini were more reactive on toxic influence of alcohol; in the liver and pancreas there were signs of inflammatory reaction (cell swelling, lymphocytes infiltration). Conclusion. Histological picture of the liver and pancreas of the animals with acute alcohol poisoning on the background of “Remaxol” treatment showed a decrease in the toxic effect of 40 % alcohol on hepatocytes and pancreatocytes, normalization of their morphological parameters.

Iron deposits in tissues (hemosiderosis) accompany various diseases of the liver and pancreas. Overload of the liver with iron occurs due to (1) a diet with excess saturated fats, which provoke inflammation of the liver, (2) slowdown and stagnation of blood flow in the area of the portal vein (physical inactivity, obesity, alcoholism, etc), (3) uncontrolled and long-term use of iron supplements (primarily based on inorganic forms - sulfates, oxides, hydroxides of iron, etc.), (4) hereditary diseases (hemochromatosis). Patients with liver overload with iron require not only correction of diet and lifestyle (including physical activity), but also special therapy using effective and safe drugs. To study the effect of excess iron on the body and search for the most appropriate therapy for hemosiderosis, special models of liver overload with iron have been developed in pharmacology. The degree of iron overload and the rate of hemosiderosis formation in models can be slowed down by the addition of micronutrients with hepatoprotective properties (vitamins A, C) and accelerated by the addition of saturated fat and/or fructose to the diet.

The article presents a clinical observation of a patient with hereditary hemolytic anemia and cholelithiasis that developed from it. The record of ultrasound of the abdominal, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, and the movement of laboratory parameters are demonstrated. The patient underwent splenectomy with cholecystectomy, the information of the postoperative period are presented. The purpose of the article was to study, using the example of this clinical case, the features of the course of hereditary spherocytosis complicated by cholelithiasis in an adult patient; to assess the feasibility of the presented variant of the tactics of managing patients with this pathology. It is shown that at the present stage, despite the dynamic pace of development, pharmacology does not offer effective therapy, and splenectomy remains the only method for treating hereditary spherocytosis. Removal of the spleen eliminates intrasplenic hemolysis and therefore corrects the anemia. With the development of gallstone disease as a result of hemolysis, splenectomy is performed in combination with cholecystectomy.

The article presents a translation of the chapters of the work “Onomatologia anatomica” (1880) by the Austrian anatomist Josef Hyrtl, devoted to terminology in anatomy of peritoneum and its derivatives - № 135 (“Epiploon”), № 233 (“Mesenterium und Mesaraion”), № 251 (“Omentum”), № 274 (“Peritoneum oder Peritonaeum”).