Here we examined the mechanisms by which the gut satiety hormones - leptin, gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, etc. - and a hunger hormone ghrelin affect the brain.

This research demonstrated phagoresistence dependency of bacteriophages depending on capsule formation of Klebsiella spp. strains isolated from 50 children’s intestines that were younger than 1 year of age. It was identified that 60% of researched strains had capsules, 23 strains of which were K.pneumonia (46%), and 7 - K.oxytoca (14%). Analysis of interaction between capsule occurrence and bacteriophages sensitivity demonstrated that 71.4% of K.oxytoca strains and 69.6% of K.pneumoniae strains resistant to bacteriophages were capsular.Direct average reliable connection, demonstrating increase of phagoresistence while forming capsular forms by bacteria, had been identified. Correlation factor for phagoresistent strains was +0.335; for low sensitive strains- +0.491 (correlation factor authenticity (mr) p >95,0%. It was identified that children having functional intestinal disorders, demonstrated high percentage of capsular Klebsiella strains that led to forming of bacteriophages resistance.

Recent studies suggest a potential relationship between Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). The state of the digestive tract microflora is not often taken in account in the treatment of children with chronic gastroduodenal pathology (CGDP), associated with HP. Study Aims. To study the frequency of SIBO by using the hydrogen breath test with a load of lactulose in children with CGDP. Methods. The study involved 160 patients with CGDP, aged 12 to 17 years: 60 patients with duodenal ulcer disease (DUD), 50 - with functional dyspepsia (FD), associated with HP and 50 children with FD, not associated with HP. The control group was composed by 30 healthy children. HP infection was detected in patients by the two ways: a rapid urease test with biopsy material and an urea breath test. Diagnosis of SIBO was based on a non-invasive hydrogen breath test with a load of lactulose. Results. SIBO was revealed in 57 (95.0±2.8%) children with DUD and in 37 (74.0±6.2%) patients with FD, associated with HP. SIBO was revealed in 23 (46.0±7.0%) cases in children with FD, not associated with HP. It was not statistically significant (p<0.05) relative to the control group, in which SIBO was revealed only in 4 (13.3±6.2%) children. Conclusions. This study demonstrated the high prevalence of SIBO in patients with CGDP, associated with HP. It can lead to decline efficiency of HP therapy and increased frequency of side effects of this therapy.

Purpose of the study: Study the condition of intestinal microbiota in infants and preschool children with IDA and to establish the relationship of severity of anemia depth dysbiotic and immune disorders. Material and methodsof research: The study involved 103 children aged 2 to 5 years (average age of 2,4±0,07 years) with IDA and 20 healthy children of the same age in the control group. Conducted bacteriological tests of feces, determine the concentration of cytokines (IL-1βand IL-1RA) in peripheral blood, blood test to determine the red blood cells, hemoglobin, color index, serum iron, hematocrit. Results of the study: In patients with IDA showed a significant reduction of bifidobacteria and lactobacteria (Р<0,01). Associate dysbiosis was detected in 47,5% of patients. In severe IDA disbiotic changes were more pronounced than in the mild and moderate severe disease. Status of cytokine profile in children with IDA and intestinal dysbiosis is characterized by oppression of nonspecific protection and specific immunity, inflammatory dissonanse. Conclusion. The relationship with the severity of anemia depth dysbiotic and immune disorders, this calls for an integrated approach to treatment.

Functional disorders (FD) of the gastrointestinal tract - a common problem in children during the first months of life, the mechanism is not completely clear, discussed the important role of the intestinal microbiota and inflammation. The aim of this work was a comprehensive assessment of the intestinal microbiota and sensitization to cow’s milk protein in healthy children of first six months of life, depending on the type of feeding. Material and methods: 80 healthy children: 20 breast-fed, 60 (30 received mixture “Nestožen with probiotics”, 30 mix without Pro - and prebiotics -) were included in the study at age 2-3 months. was observed within 3 months. At baseline and after 3 months. studied the levels of calprotectin, short-chain fatty acids in feces, IgE and IgG4 to cow’s milk protein in coprofiltrates and sowing of a feces on a dysbacteriosis Results: the short-chain fatty acids Level did not correlate with the data of microbiological studies of feces. Dynamics of short-chain fatty acids in the two groups were similar, but the level of all short-chain fatty acids was higher in the group receiving the mixture of probiotics (9,12±1,56 mg/g), significantly higher than the group without probiotics (4,2±0.57 mg/g). About 70% of children bottle-fed were sensitized to cow’s milk protein, for 7 months. the level of IgE was significantly reduced. The average level of calprotectin was reduced in all groups and had significant differences, but a comparison of every patient found a strong relationship between high calprotectin level and high IgE levels and also too high (above 9 mg/g) or too low (less than 2.9 mg/g) level of short-chain fatty acids Conclusion: the study confirmed the role of the functional state of the intestinal microbiota and sensitization to cow’s milk protein in the development of intestinal inflammation. A mixture of “Nestožen with probiotics” have a preventive effect due to the formation of a more Mature microbiota, anti-inflammatory effect and normalization of intestinal functions

Purpose of the study: to conduct a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of traditional therapies and gomeoterapy intestinal dysbiosis with recurrent respiratory infections in children. Materials and methods of research. The study involved 50 children with recurrent respiratory infections in somatic departments CCCH № 1. 30 patients (study group) in a complex of traditional therapy is recommended homeopathic medicine “Enterokind.” The control group consisted of 20 children with recurrent respiratory infections are on the traditional therapy. Analysis of anamnestic data and medical history of the child, the evaluation of the somatic status. From laboratory tests: complete blood count, urine, feces, bacteriological examination of feces, fecal intestinal dysbiosis. Results of the study. It was found that the state of gut microbiota in recurrent respiratory infections in children, is characterized by severe dysbiotic disturbances in the acute period of the disease, with a reduction, but not knocking over her disease in remission. Homeopathic medicine “Enterokind” has a beneficial effect by reducing the severity of diarrheal syndrome and normalizing the clinical manifestations of intestinal dysbiosis. Conclusion. Inclusion in the range of conventional therapy of patients with recurrent respiratory infections homeopathic remedy “Enterokind” leads to faster relief of dysbiotic violations in the intestines. This suggests that the appointment of gomeoterapy patients with recurrent respiratory infections is justified and necessary, because of their high efficiency and absence of side effects.

It was done a microbiological examination of 664 people stool specimens. It was shown that the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the colon is associated with a decrease in amount of Bifidobacterium spp. and Enterococcus spp. Reducing the number of important microbes-antagonists can be the background for the development of staphylococcal expansion and consequent pathological conditions.

The ecological assessment of intestinal bacterial communities in diseases that occur with intestinal dysbiosis. The regularity in increasing environmental formed by the distance between the communities in which the change in density E. coli indicates early signs of dissimilarity. It can determine the sequence in the tactics of the correction of disorders of the intestine microbial ecology.

Aim: evaluation of inflammatory changes of the colonic mucosa and the main parameters of the local immune system T (CD4+, CD8+) - and B (CD20+) - lymphocytes of patients with irritable bowel syndrome before and after medical treatment by bismuth tripotassium dicitrate. Subjects and methods: The study included 15 patients who had the diagnosis of IBS: in 11 patients the disease had diarrhea-predominant (IBS-D) and 4 - constipation-predominant (IBS-B). The average age of patients was 51,3 ± 12,4 years. Patients were treated by medical drug containing the bismuth tripotassium dicitrate in the daily dose 480mg. All participants had biopsy from their distal colon with following then immunohistochemical study of the mucosa before and after medical treatment. Results: In the current study the inflammatory infiltrate of the colonic mucosa (CM) for most patients with IBS was characterized statistically significant increase in the number of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in the field of view = Me 30 (Q1 = 20; Q3 = 40) and Me = 25 (15 = Q1; Q3 = 30), respectively, and the number of CD20+ B-lymphocytes Me = 25 (Q1 = 6; Q3 = 60) in a field of view and by the formation of focal accumulations of CD4+, CD8+ T- lymphocytes, CD20+ B cells. After treatment of IBS by bismuth tripotassium dicitrate there was statistically significant reduction in the local immune response parameters (CD4+ -, CD8+ - T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes CD20+; p = 0.001, p = 0.02 and p = 0.005, respectively) and it was noted a significant decrease in the number of focal accumulations of CD20+ - in lymphocytes (p = 0.023). Conclusion: The results of changes in the parameters of local immunity in large intestine mucosa before and after treatment showed pronounced anti-inflammatory effectiveness of the medication containing the bismuth tripotassium dicitrate.

The aim of our study was to estimate the intestinal microbiota composition and its impact on the clinical course of Crohn’s disease (CD). Materials and methods. The study involved 34 patients with CD: women - 28 (79.1%), man - 6 (21.0%), aged 37,07 ± 13,58 years (18-68). Terminal ileitis detected - in 18 (52.94%), Ileocolitis - 13 (38.24%), colitis - in 3 (8.82%) patients. Mild CD was observed in 2 (5.88%) patients, moderate - in 12 (35.3%) and severe CD - in 20 (58.82%) patients. CD was diagnosed by using traditional clinical, laboratory, instrumental, histological data. Microbiota composition was evaluated by gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry of whole blood. Results. Deficiency of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, excessive content of Firmicutes phylum (Eubacterium, Cl. Perfringes, Cl. Difficile, Staphilococcus, Bacillus cereus), bacteria of Proteobacterium (H. pylori), Bacterouides (B. fragilis), Actinobacteria (Nocardia) were observed in CD patients. There was significant correlation between the CD severity and the level of following bacteria: Cl. difficile (r = 0.53, p = 0.02), Lactobacillus (r = -0.91; p = 0.01); between the length of the intestinal lesions and the level of Bacillus cereus (r = 0.87; p = 0.03), Eubacterium (r = 0.49; p = 0.04), Lactobacillus (r = -0.52; p =.02). Conclusion. A dysbiosis was revealed in Crohn’s disease in the composition of Firmicutes bacteria, Actinobacterium and Proteobacterium: increasing the number of Eubacterium, Cl. Perfringes, Cl. Dificile, H.pylori with a deficit of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Indicators of CD severity were more dependent on the level of Firmicutes bacteria - the degree of CD activity directly correlated with the number of Eubacterium, Cl. difficile, and inversely correlated with the number of obligate flora; and the extent of intestinal lesions directly correlated with the level of Bacilllus cereus and Eubacterium. The CD clinical course was depended not only on the presence of conditionally pathogenic flora, but also on a lack of commensal bacteria.

Purpose: Evaluate the microbiological and clinical efficacy of the use of individually selected probiotics in patients with metabolic syndrome and intestinal dysbiosis. Materials and methods: The study involved 117 patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) and intestinal dysbiosis 1-2 degrees living in the therapeutic area. Formed three observation group. The main criteria for assigning patients to different groups of observations is the difference in adhesion, biocompatibility and the degree of antagonism of microorganisms isolated in the feces. To study the properties of probiotics in the effectiveness of the elimination of opportunistic pathogens, applied 5 probiotic food, probiotic 5 of medicines and dietary supplements containing bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Microbiological Research, anthropometric and biochemical indicators of lipid profile was performed before and after treatment of patients with individually selected probiotics. Resuits: Patients in Group 1 after treatment with individually selected probiotics showed a significant decrease from baseline in body weight, BMI, fat mass, the content of triglycerides, total cholesterol and VLDL in the serum, accompanied by a decrease in atherogenic factor, as well as microbiological indicators faeces. Conclusions: Using the patients individually selected probiotics with high adhesion (4-5) and antagonism, not suppress indigenous lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the background calorie diet helped correct microbiological parameters in the faeces of patients and biochemical indices of blood lipid profile, as well as more effective in reducing anthropometric indices and changing the composition of the body. Individual selection of probiotics reduces the risk of the use of those that can inhibit an indigenous microbiota of the patient’s own.

The purpose of research was to examine the state of biocenosis in patients with rheumatic diseases and to evaluate the effect of probiotic therapy on laboratory values and clinical course of the disease. The study involved 150 patients aged 35-55 years with chronic non-infectious etiology disease of the affected joints. All patients had conventional treatment (vitamin therapy, no steroid-inflammatory drugs and rehabilitation activities), also probiotics - Bifidumbacterinum - PL and Lactobacterinum - Orom (Uzbekistan) were included. Patients have expresseddysbacteriosis, development and magnitude of them depend on the duration of NSAID - therapy and activity of arthritis. Dysbacteriosisis characterized by a deficiency of bifidobacteria and lactoflora. Inclusion probiotics in the complex therapy of patients leads to good clinical and laboratory effects in 66.7% of cases, reducing the frequency and severity of arthritis, and improves patients life quality.

Indigenous (autoprobiotic) strains of Enterococcus faecium with marker of erythromycin resistance (AEEryr) used for the correction of experimental intestinal dysbiosis of rats, in contrast to the probiotic strain of E. faecium L3: showed pronounced bifidogenic effect, maintained a population of E. coli, inhibited the growth of Proteus, but had relatively low antagonistic activity against Klebsiella and didn`t contribute to an increase in the content of Fecalobacterium sp. in feces. The use of AEEryr in experiment proved the possibility of long-term persistence autoprobiotic strains in organism that may indicate their prolonged action.

The purpose of thе study - was to explore peculiarity of the colon’s microbiocenosis of patients with infectious and inflammatory complications occurring in the postoperative period after cardiac surgery. Materials and methods. Bacteriological examination of 89 patients with such diagnoses as sternomediastinitis, sternum’s instability, osteomyelitis of sternum and ribs was conducted. Qualitative and quantitative composition of the colon’s microflora have been studied according to the standard “Treatment Protocol. Intestinal dysbiosis”. “ Results. Dysbiotic changes of the colon’s microflora of varying severity were revealed in 96.62% of cases. They were recorded in different groups of patients with almost the same frequency. A significant decrease of concentration of anaerobic obligate symbionts, especially Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides, were found. It is against this background that the range has been greatly expanded and the number of conditionally pathogenic bacteria, especially Enterobacteriaceae, has been increased. In some patients in the intestinal biotope were also found Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions. Infectious-inflammatory complications that occur after cardiac surgery are characterized by the development of dysbiosis of colon, which aggravates the disease, on the one hand. On the other hand, an excessive accumulation of opportunistic pathogens might have contributed to their translocation into the surgical wound and induced the development of these complications. All patients are required the intensive correctional comprehensive nutritional therapy after cardiac surgery.

The article presents a review of the literature on modern concepts about probiotics, criteria for their use, mechanisms of protective action. Given the indications for the use of probiotics for gastroenterologicheskih diseases in children according to the criteria of evidence-based medicine. Much of the material on the positive role of the strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis probiotics in the treatment and prevention of gastroenterological patologii in children.

This review represents the data on classification, ethiology and pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome; discusses symptoms of this disease; studies classifications, diagnostic standards at inspection of patients with irritable bowel syndrome; acquaints with principles of complex treatment of this pathology.

The article is dedicated to the one of the most common functional bowel disorders - irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This overview gives the current understanding of IBS based on the new diagnostic Rome criteria IV and represents the differences from Rome criteria III; there are also detailed diagnostic criteria for IBS subtypes. The main diagnostic methods are reviewed and special attention is paid to therapy of IBS subtypes depending on the leading symptom from the perspective of evidence-based medicine. Clinical availability of Rome criteria IV for diagnostics of functional disorders have been noted.

Conducted non-invasive assessment of index of liver fibrosis (IF) and clinical efficacy of polyenylphosphatidylcholine in the treatment of 30 patients NASH within 3-6 months. Monotherapy with this drug in a dose of 2 capsules 3 times a day resulted in a significant reduction of IF, indicators of cytolysis and cholestasis in 3 months. In 33.3% of cases there was a clear positive dynamics ultrasound picture of the liver. In 10 patients with insignificant dynamics of biochemical parameters the treatment was continued up to 6 months, after which liver function tests normalized. Treatment of patients with Nash polyenylphosphatidylcholine is effective, the treatment time should be between 3 to 6 months.

The Purpose. To analyze the composition of human subcutaneous adipose tissue in healthy individuals for the amount and composition of fatty acids. Material and methods. 10 samples of subcutaneous adipose tissue of different individuals from different anatomical regions have been studied. Adipose tissue was collected during liposuction from the abdomen, lumbar region and hips as the different samples, then it was centrifuged. The subject of the analysis was the upper part of lipoaspirate - pure fat that was released from the destroyed adipocytes. Pure fat samples were centrifuged and methylated by NaOH in methanol solution. Methyl esters were extracted by hexane and MTBE then analyzed on GC-MS Thermo Scientific Trace GC Ultra DSQ. The material was examined for 27 fatty acids. Results. In samples dominated fat oleic acid methyl ester C18:1n9c (42.3±2.2%) and palmitic acid C16:0 (22.5±3.4%). In less percent linoleic C18:2 (17.5±6.5%), stearic C18:0 (4.8±1.0%), palmitoleic C16:1t (3.0±0.6%), myristic C14:0 (2.2±0.5%) and eicosenoic C20:1n9 (0.8±0.2%) acids observed. It was found that the ratio of fatty acids in each sample was the same, they were different only in total amount. Conclusions. In human subcutaneous fatty tissue, regardless of the anatomic zones are more common oleic, methyl ester, palmitic, stearic and linoleic acids.

A new view on the process of lumen digestion and digesta composition is suggested. Authors had worked out an original procedure of digesta fragmentation on endogenous and exogenous compartments with specific physical, chemical and physiological properties. A key role of enteral mucosa in digesta structure organization is discussed.

This clinical case of the successful use of fecal microbiota transplantation (TFM) in recurrent C. difficile infection gives an idea about how efficient this method is. Conducting TFM allowed to avoid the forced surgical treatment - colectomy - an elderly patient with severe comorbidities, and severe clinical and laboratory manifestations of the disease, achieving complete relief of symptoms within a very short period of time

Clinical case of a patient with abdominal actinomycosis with localization of lesions in the cecum has been presented. The feature of this disease is the similarity of clinical and endoscopic picture with malignant process in the colon. This disease is rare, characterized by productive purulent inflammation with abscesses and fistulas formation and involvement surrounding organs in the pathological process to form a dense tumor infiltrates. Differential diagnosis of abdominal actinomycosis presents certain difficulties and requires morphological verification with using additional histochemical methods.