The article highlights the life and professional path of A.M. Ugolev, his achievements in science: the discovery of membrane digestion, the establishment of the role of endogenous microbiocenosis in the physiology and pathology of the body, the developed theory of adequate nutrition, the theory of the unity of natural and artificial technologies, the theory of universal functional blocks. In connection with his discovery of the general patterns and mechanisms of assimilation of food, their inclusion in higher supra-organizational regulatory levels is explained by A.M. Ugolev, a new science of food was proposed, nutrition and trophic relationships at all levels of life development from cellular to biospheric - trophology. From the standpoint of trophology, the circulation of substances in nature is explained, the need to introduce the concept of “biological culture” as a set of all types of cultures (ecological, physical, spiritual, moral, etc.) that determine the correct human behavior in the biosphere during its transition to the noosphere.

Aim. To determine the correlation of the level of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) with the extent of the lesion, the degree of activity of ulcerative colitis (UC), the presence of pseudopolyps and neoplasia of the colon, as well as chronic pancreatitis. Materials and methods. 25 patients with UC aged 30-40 years were examined. All patients underwent endoscopic examination of the colon, endosonographic examination of the pancreas to verify the presence of criteria for chronic pancreatitis (CP) and a blood test for enzyme immunoassay for IGF-1 levels. A correlation analysis was performed with the calculation of Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (CC) with the determination of the closeness of the relationship between the signs on the Chaddock scale. Results. The study of the dependence of the amount of IGF-1 in the blood serum and the severity of inflammation in the colon showed a high degree of closeness, the CC was equal to -0.871. A significant correlation was also found with the presence of CP in UC (CC -0.601). The determination of the dependence of the presence of pseudopolyps and neoplasia of the colon and the level of IGF-1 did not show a statistically significant correlation between the studied signs. Conclusion. IGF-1 levels have an inverse correlation with the severity of inflammation in the colon and the presence of chronic pancreatitis in UC, which makes it possible to use the amount of this protein as a marker for verifying the degree of UC activity and the presence of CP.

Elevated serum amylase levels are typically associated with acute and chronic pancreatitis, but pancreatitis is not the only cause of hyperamylasemia. Pancreatic imaging may not reveal any changes. A wide range of repeated diagnostic and therapeutic measures are used to lower amylase levels, but this is not always successful, and amylase levels do not return to normal. A patient may have no clinical symptoms of acute or chronic pancreatitis and may not require treatment, yet still undergo multiple laboratory and imaging studies and repeated treatment courses. This article discusses the possible causes of hyperamylasemia, which may be caused not only by pancreatic diseases but also by diseases of other organs and systems.

Background and aims: The incidence of CDI among IBD patients is increasing, and has been demonstrated to be associated with increased hospitalization period, costs, morbidity and mortality, the recent guidelines advocate testing all IBD patients who are experiencing disease flare for CDI, this is a cross-sectional study to estimate the incidence and to assess possible risk factors for CDI among IBD patients who are in disease flare up. Methods: Eighty-seven patients with IBD were studied, who attended the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital in the Medical City (Baghdad), during the period from January 2019 to April 2020, all with disease flare up. Patients’ demographic and clinical data including factors expected to be a risk factors or have an association with CDI such as age, sex, comorbid conditions, recent hospitalization(within 1 month), drugs including PPI, recent antibiotic exposure(within 1 month) and IBD drugs(Aminosalicylate, steroids, immunomodulators and biological therapy), in addition to the duration, severity and endoscopic extend of IBD, all have been recorded. Diagnosis of CDI was done by the detection of clostridium difficile toxin A and B in a fecal specimen using an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Results: A total of 87 IBD patients were enrolled in this study (62 cases of UC and 25 cases with a diagnosis of CD), female comprised 66% of cases with female to male ratio of 2:1, with a mean age of 33 years, The most frequent IBD disease duration was (2-5) years in 37 patients (42.5%) of cases, followed by > 5 years in 31 (35.6%), The highest proportion of study patients (67.8%) were treated with amino-salicylates (mesalamine and sulfasalazine), while azathioprine, steroids (prednisolone and budesonide), and biological therapy (infliximab and adalimumab), were prescribed for 44 (50.5%), 35 (40.2%), and 19 (21.8%) of cases, respectively. Recent PPI use was recorded in 7 cases (8%) while recent antibiotics exposure was recorded in 9 patients (10.3%). Recent hospitalization was recorded in 5 cases. The most common clinical presentations were bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain, that recorded in 51 (58.6%) and 45 (51.7%) of cases, respectively, followed by watery diarrhea in 34 (39%) and BPR in 9 (10.3%).According to the endoscopy, the most frequent underlying pathology was pancolitis in 34 patients (39%), followed by proctosigmoiditis in 24 (27.5%) and ileitis that seen in 20 patients (22.9%), while each of left sided colitis and proctitis were recorded in 11 (12.6%) and 8 (9.1%) of study patients respectively. The incidence of CDI among the 87 enrolled IBD patients was 20%, In the study, there was no statistically significant association between the developing of CDI and each of age (P= 0.601), gender (P= 0.998), use of PPI(P= 0.131), recent antibiotic exposure(P= 0.904), recent hospitalization(P= 0.968), type of IBD (P= 0.493), duration (P= 0.272), severity (P= 0.081), and endoscopic extend of the colitis (P= 0.713), on the other hand CDI is significantly associated (P= 0.002) with administration of multiple IBD drugs, as more than half of patients (53.3%) who treated with multiple drugs including immunosuppressive developed CDI. Conclusion: The current study showed that IBD patients on multiple immunosuppressive drugs have a higher risk for CDI development, yet no other risk factors have been identified in the current study(age, gender, antibiotic exposure, PPI use and recent hospitalization, in addition to disease duration, severity and endoscopic extend), Further larger study is needed to confirm these findings, to look for other possible risk factors and to evaluate treatment outcome.

Relevance. The proteasome 20S is a representative of the ubiquitin-protease system, which regulates anabolic and catabolic processes. Searching for ways to control this process is important. Purpose of the study. To study the activation features of the 20S proteasome under low-caloric nutrition conditions and establish relationships between human gender, age and weight characteristics. Materials and methods. The study examined 48 subjects aged 18-75 (11 males and 37 females) received low-energy diet (800-1200 calories/day), fasting therapy, physical therapy and cleansing treatments, as well as physical activity at the Health Center in Maikop, Russia. Blood 20S concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, body composition by impedance method. Results. Gender difference in dominant body component determining 20S activity. In females, adipose tissue was dominant; in males, dominant sector not identified. Wellness program led to weight loss and 20S activation regardless of calorie restriction degree. Females under 50 showed activations due to fat while inhibiting muscle and lean masses. Females over 50 had activity in muscle and lean mass while inhibiting fat. Males showed no such patterns in 20S proteasome response. Data suggest different levels of resynthesis, autophagy and apoptosis activation. Calorie restriction is physiological stressor for 20S activation. Conclusion. Hypocaloric diet and fasting with physical therapy can be alternative method for protein pool renewal and resynthesis in humans. Gender and age characteristics should be considered when using these techniques.

Objective: To study the consumption of zinc-chelated marmalade on serum zinc levels depending on the genotype of SLC30A8 gene polymorphisms, followed by an assessment of changes in blood glucose levels as the primary indicator of carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Methods: Fifty volunteers were recruited; two were later excluded for valid reasons. Forty-eight participants consumed zinc bisglycinate-enriched marmalade for three months. Zinc and blood glucose levels were measured, body composition was analyzed before and after the experiment, and genetic analysis of SLC30A8 gene polymorphisms (rs13266634, rs11558471) was performed, along with a questionnaire based on the FINDRISC questionnaire for determining the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Statistical analysis included a paired t-test, ANOVA, and correlation analysis. Results: Consumption of fortified marmalade resulted in an increase in serum zinc levels (1.23 μmol/L, p < 0.001), particularly pronounced in individuals with baseline zinc deficiency. Mean glucose levels increased slightly (by 0.18 μmol/L, p = 0.0132), remaining within the reference range. Genetic analysis revealed no significant patterns in changes in zinc and glucose levels depending on the rs13266634 and rs11558471 genotypes, although a trend toward decreased zinc gain was observed in carriers of the rs13266634 С/С genotype. The FINDRISC questionnaire demonstrated an exceptionally low risk of developing T2DM (75% of participants). Conclusions: Fortifying marmalade with chelated zinc effectively increases serum zinc levels, particularly in individuals with zinc deficiency, offering potential for personalized nutrition. The slight increase in glucose levels requires further study, as does the impact of climatic factors on zinc production. Larger, longer-term studies are needed to establish a preventive effect against type 2 diabetes.

The purpose of this work was to study the pleiotropic and lipid-lowering effects of statins in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease on the background of moderate periodontitis. Materials and methods: 80 patients with moderate periodontitis on the background of chronic coronary heart disease (HIBS) were examined. The first group included 40 patients with HIBS who underwent a thorough examination and were prescribed basic therapy using double antiplatelet therapy, rosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg was prescribed on a regular basis, as well as rosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg in the form of gum applications for 15 minutes for two weeks, then every other day for 3 months. The second group included 40 patients with diagnosed atherosclerosis - corresponding changes on the ECG or after coronary angiography. The following results were obtained: After 6 months of monitoring the indicators of the first and second groups, the differences in them changed even more in favor of the first group, whose patients received rosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg orally and 10 mg in the form of gum applications under strict control. Almost all blood counts and changes in periodontal tissue once again confirm a decrease in the level of inflammation around the periodontium, a decrease in the level of plaque, the bleeding index, and the depth of the periodontal pocket. The analysis of the obtained data confirms the connection between atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries and chronic periodontitis. Against the background of taking statins, the level of OH, LDL decreases, and the level of HDL increases. Monitoring the intake of statins in elderly patients with moderate periodontitis with its use in the form of applications significantly reduces the level of C-reactive protein, which once again proves the pleiotropic effect of statins in the elderly against the background of chronic periodontitis.

The review article presents an analysis of approaches to the management of pregnant women with inflammatory bowel diseases using the example of a clinical case of a patient with ulcerative colitis. The analysis focuses on various aspects of pre-pregnancy preparation, the progression of pregnancy, and the postpartum period. Additionally, it highlights the distinctive characteristics of diagnosing and treating pregnant women with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The review is based on the results of published domestic and international methodological and clinical recommendations, population-based and observational studies and can be helpful in working with a complex contingent of patients.

Periodontal diseases are among the most common human ailments. At the beginning of the 21st century, the concept of “periodontal medicine” emerged, examining the relationship between periodontal pathology and other diseases. Currently, over 50 different somatic diseases are associated with periodontal pathology. Among various periodontal microorganisms, Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered a key periodontopathogen, potentially correlating with systemic diseases. We searched the PubMed database for sources published before November 1, 2025, that examined the relationship between Porphyromonas gingivalis and the development of systemic diseases. Due to the large number of sources found (1,042), we narrowed the search to consider the relationship between Porphyromonas gingivalis and the development of gastrointestinal diseases (193 sources). This review examines the relationship between Porphyromonas gingivalis and inflammatory bowel diseases (48 references) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (44 references). The data presented in the review demonstrate that Porphyromonas gingivalis is involved in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel diseases through alterations in the intestinal microbiota along the mouth-gut axis, disruption of the intestinal barrier and permeability, release of inflammatory mediators, and impaired immune response. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Porphyromonas gingivalis is detected in liver tissue. Furthermore, a connecting mouth-gut-liver axis is formed, and bacterial translocation of Porphyromonas gingivalis into the systemic circulation becomes important, accompanied by the circulation of inflammatory mediators and immune complexes, and disruption of metabolic, inflammatory, and immunological homeostasis. Oral health promotion should be considered as an integral part of a healthy lifestyle in order to reduce the burden of chronic non-communicable and communicable diseases

Aim: to highlight the problem of sarcopenia among patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Key points. In 2019, EWGSOP2 hypothesized that sarcopenia is promoted by many contributing factors including inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease). Article presented current hypotheses of the pathogenesis of sarcopenia in patients with IBD, with an emphasis on malnutrition, chronic inflammation, and intestinal dysbiosis. Current methods for diagnosing sarcopenia in patients with IBD are presented. The problem of sarcopenic obesity is separately described. Particular attention is paid to the influence of biological agents on the state of muscles. Although data on sarcopenia in IBD are limited, the available studies suggest the need for a comprehensive approach to assessment, early detection and interventions targeted on inflammation, malnutrition, and muscle wasting. And this is a key component of comprehensive strategies for the management of IBD-associated sarcopenia. Conclusion: The interaction between IBD and sarcopenia represents a significant clinical problem with profound implications for treatment outcomes.

Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumor of the digestive system with a poor prognosis. Most patients suffering from pancreatic cancer are diagnosed only at a late stage due to its aggressiveness and lack of early symptoms. This limits treatment options and results in a low five-year survival rate of 3-15%. However, pancreatic cancer is relatively rare, so screening of asymptomatic adults is not currently considered viable. The main purpose of this review is to highlight the main development strategies of early pancreatic cancer screening. This review is an in-depth analysis of the main methods of identifying high-risk groups and the procedures of carrying out a detailed study in these cohorts.

Subclinical elevations in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, a key indicator of thyroid dysfunction, positively correlate with biochemical markers of hepatocellular damage. The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) act as fundamental biochemical regulators, determining metabolic homeostasis in both hepatocytes and the body as a whole. An innovative class of drugs, THR-β agonists, target hepatocytes by selectively activating the THR-β receptor isoform, which is expressed primarily in the liver and regulates a number of metabolic processes. The high short-term efficacy and safety confirmed in the MAESTRO-NASH study have led to the consideration of resmetirom (and the THR-β agonist class as a whole) as a promising new treatment option for ASH and liver fibrosis. The antifibrotic potential of resmetirom was confirmed by the results of improvement in fibrosis stage ≥1 without worsening NAFLD activity in 24.2% of those receiving 80 mg and in 25.9% of those receiving 100 mg, versus 14.2% on placebo. A positive effect of therapy on key biochemical markers was revealed. Along with a significant decrease in the activity of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT), a pronounced lipid-lowering effect on LDL was recorded: a decrease of 13.6% (80 mg) and 16.3% (100 mg) by week 24 versus a minimal change in the placebo group (+0.1%, p<0.001).

Recently, definition “early chronic pancreatitis”, describing the early stages of chronic pancreatitis, is gaining more recognition. Research on this topic includes issues of pathogenesis, early diagnosis and therapeutic approaches to early stages of chronic pancreatitis before changes in the pancreatic tissue become irreversible. It can help to avoid the development of complications and improve the prognosis of the disease. We can see a pronounced trend in diagnostic for visualization methods in diagnostic of chronic pancreatitis to searching for biomarkers that will allow diagnosing the disease at the stage of functional disorders of the pancreas with minimal and reversible changes in the tissue of the gland. Data on the initiation of chronic pancreatitis by an altered gut microbiota are increasingly confirmed. The dysbiotic proinflammatory composition of the microbiota triggers a continuum of events leading to the development of disease through increased gut permeability, development of endotoxemia, local and systemic inflammation. Thus, it should be expected that the composition of the intestinal microbiota, assessment of the cytokine profile and determination of the severity of immune cell activation could become early diagnostic markers of chronic pancreatitis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a multifactorial autoimmune disorder characterized primarily by chronic inflammation and destruction of joint tissues. In recent years, the gut microbiome and its metabolites have played a key role in its pathogenesis, among which trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) attracts particular attention. The gut microbiota - a complex ecosystem of many microorganisms and their metabolic products - performs a crucial function in regulating immune balance. Disruption of its composition (dysbiosis) is associated with a wide range of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis.

This article presents a clinical case of a pregnant patient with Crohn’s disease. When managing pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease, the priority is maintaining disease remission using medications approved for use during pregnancy, including modern genetically engineered biological therapies, to preserve the health of both mother and fetus. In this case, the situation was complicated by a history of multiple surgeries and a functioning ileostomy. Collaborative care by a multidisciplinary team of specialists prevented complications and resulted in a successful pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum period.

Introduction. According to the literature data, in most of the conducted clinical studies, the authors include patients with a separate pathology, making comorbidity a criterion of exclusion. In our practice, we consider comorbidity as a criterion of clarifying diagnosis and determining treatment and terms of dynamic observation for patients with Barrett’s esophagus. The purpose of the work: presentation of the case of a patient with Barrett’s esophagus in conditions of comorbid pathology. Materials and methods. A patient with a comorbid pathology, including prostate cancer, pre-cancerous skin pathology, and psoriasis, was examined and treated. In order to implement a personalized approach, clinical, endoscopic, and morphological data were analyzed, as well as the results of immunohistochemical examination of biopsy material. As a result, the trans-syndromic nature of the comorbid pathology was confirmed, treatment was performed, and the duration of dynamic monitoring was determined. Conclusion. It has been proven that the pathological processes identified in the patient are components of a single trans-syndromic comorbid pathology - the syndrome of uncontrolled proliferation, which results in neoplastic changes, including those in the esophageal mucosa.

Purpose of the study. This publication considers the development of ventricular tachycardia paroxysm in a patient with chronic gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori, erosive duodenitis. Materials and Methods. A paroxysm of less than 30 s. duration with the frequency of ventricular contractions maximum 169 per min was registered during ECG Holter monitoring at night. The electrocardiogram at rest, cardiac ultrasound and spiral computed coronary angiography showed no pathology. A probable trigger of ventricular tachycardia in a young patient without organic lesions of the cardiovascular system could be viscerocardial reflexes caused by pathology of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Results. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and administration of proton pump inhibitors resulted in the elimination of ventricular tachycardia. Conclusion. The case serves to confirm that even chronic gastritis can have a proarrhythmogenic effect and emphasises the need for a comprehensive examination of patients with gastroenterological problems.

The article describes a clinical case of the “lateral femoral cutaneous nerve” syndrome (Bernhardt-Roth syndrome, paresthetic meralgia) in patient N.1965, who was admitted to GBU RO OKB on 09/23/2024 with a clinical picture of an abdominal cyst of unknown origin. As a result of the diagnostic examination, collection of anamnestic data and the clinical picture, a preliminary clinical diagnosis was established: a cyst of the retroperitoneal space. An MRI examination of the patient was not possible due to a BMI of more than 50 kg/m². The patient was concerned about severe burning pain on the lateral surface of the thigh, numbness during the last two weeks, abdominal enlargement during the last 3 months, and pulling pains in the hypogastrium from 6:00 a. m. On the second day of hospitalization, the patient showed positive peritoneal symptoms, as a result of which it was decided to perform a diagnostic laparotomy. An examination of the abdominal organs revealed a 30×40 cm bulky formation growing from the right ovary with a twisted vascular pedicle, as well as about 200 ml of hemorrhagic effusion in the pelvis and through the lateral canals. A team of surgeons and gynecologists performed tumor resection with stitching of the vascular pedicle, left- and right-sided adnexectomy. On the very first day after the operation, the patient noted a significant improvement in her condition, the symptoms of compression of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh disappeared on the first day after the operation. On day 5, the patient was discharged under the supervision of a surgeon at her place of residence in a satisfactory condition.

The article uses a clinical example to show a rare variant of the course of primary hyperparathyroidism with predominant damage to the pancreas (chronic calcific pancreatitis). To clarify these chronic calcific pancreatitis, studies were carried out, during which primary hyperparathyroidism was identified, caused by the presence of a parathyroid adenoma.

Despite advances in gastric cancer screening and therapy, the search for effective methods for treating and preventing precancerous conditions, including chronic atrophic gastritis, remains an important challenge. Immunoprevention of cancer occupies a special place among strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of malignant neoplasms. The aim of this study was to assess changes in the subpopulation composition of the immune infiltrate in a syngeneic tumor model during course administration of glutamyl-tryptophan in mice. Materials and Methods. Tumor material was obtained from syngeneic MC38 colorectal cancer cells, transplanted intramammarily. Experimental animals received glutamyl-tryptophan (0.02 mg/kg), while control animals received saline. Repeated administrations were performed starting 14 days prior to tumor transplantation and continued until day 14 or day 21 after transplantation. Tumor growth kinetics and the subpopulation composition of the tumor immune infiltrate were assessed using flow cytometry. Results. Glutamyl-tryptophan administration did not affect tumor growth, but altered the cellular composition of the immune infiltrate at the second time point, manifested as a decrease in CD45⁺ cells, an increase in CD3⁺ cells, and a reduction in M2-like macrophages with high MHC expression. Analysis of DN-cell subpopulations at both time points demonstrated an increase in DN cells in both groups. In controls, DN NK⁺ cells decreased twofold, whereas no such decrease was observed in the experimental group. Reduced levels of CD3⁺CD8⁺ and NK1.1⁺ cells in both groups confirmed tumor progression. In contrast to the experimental group, the control group exhibited a pronounced decline in CD3⁺, MHC II low CD206⁺, and DN NK1.1⁺ cells, which may indicate a transition of the tumor microenvironment toward an immunosuppressive state. Conclusion. For the first time, changes in the composition of the immune infiltrate were evaluated in a model of a transplantable syngeneic tumor in immunocompetent animals treated with glutamyl-tryptophan. The study identified potential effector cell populations responsible for mediating immunosurveillance of tumor promotion and progression under in vivo experimental conditions.

Chronic stress contributes to mental disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, which frequently exhibit comorbidity. However, PTSD can also develop following severe acute stress, such as life-threatening stress The associated GI tract damage remains poorly understood. Aim. To investigate long-term changes in the digestive tract mucosa following a single life-threatening stress exposure. Materials and Methods. On day 16 post-stress, rat behavioral activity was assessed using the Open Field test (evaluating general locomotion, exploratory behavior, anxiety-like responses). Histological analysis of the digestive tract included morphometric measurements of villus length and crypt depth, quantification of goblet cells (Alcian blue staining), and assessment of proliferative activity (immunohistochemical detection of phosphorylated histone H3). Results. In the long-term period following a single life-threatening stress exposure, rats developed PTSD-like manifestations characterized by increased anxiety and decreased exploratory behavior, accompanied by morphological alterations in the intestinal mucosa. The small intestine showed increased villus length, while the large intestine displayed deeper crypts. Small intestinal crypts demonstrated an elevated number of goblet cells and a reduced count of phosphorylated histone H3-immunopositive cells. Ultrastructural analysis revealed microvilli and mitochondrial damage in enterocytes and colonocytes, along with bacterial translocation into the epithelial layer. These findings collectively suggest impaired goblet cell maturation and migration against a background of suppressed epithelial proliferation, indicating substantial intestinal barrier compromise. Conclusion. PTSD development following acute life-threatening stress induces both structural and functional reorganization of the intestinal mucosa with barrier integrity disruption, underscoring the clinical need for therapeutic strategies targeting intestinal barrier restoration in post-stress disorder management.

Iron oxide nanoparticles attract attention in the scientific community due to the wide range of their unique physico-chemical properties obtained during various synthesis methods. However, their effects on the body when administered orally have not been sufficiently studied. This work was aimed to study of morphological and morphometric characteristics of the gastric mucosa of laboratory mice using synthetic and biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles as a feed additive. Materials and methods. Nanoparticles of synthetic and biogenic iron origin were used in the work. The laboratory mice (n = 55) were allocated into 3 groups: 1 group of mice (n = 15) were intact animals that received standard feeding; group 2 (n = 20) fed food with synthetic nanoparticles; group 3 (n = 20) fed food with biogenic nanoparticles. The biological material (mouse stomach) was sampled on days 1, 22, and 36. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Perls. Morphometric analysis of the drugs was performed in the program “ViodeoTesT - Morphology 7.0”. Results. Upon oral administration of iron oxide nanoparticles into the body, lymphohistiocytic infiltration, hemorrhages, enlargement of the gastric glands, cysts, and dystrophic changes in the cells of the columnar epithelium were detected in both groups. At the same time, foci of atrophic gastritis and pronounced foci of destruction of the gastric glands were noted in animals of group 3 on day 36. Conclusion. The entry of both synthetic and biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles into the gastrointestinal tract for 36 days causes pathological changes in the stomach tissue in the form of epithelial metaplasia with dystrophic changes in the gastric glands.

Introduction. Splenic cysts are rare benign neoplasms, occurring at a frequency of approximately 0.75 per 100,000 population per year. These lesions are significantly less common compared to cystic neoplasms of other organs such as the liver, pancreas, and kidneys, accounting for less than 1% of all cystic lesions of internal organs. In most cases, splenic cysts are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during instrumental examinations. For a long time, surgical treatment of patients with splenic cysts involved open or laparoscopic resection of the spleen, as well as splenectomy. However, in recent years, minimally invasive approaches to the treatment of patients with splenic cysts have been increasingly considered in clinical practice, particularly ultrasound-guided cyst drainage followed by sclerotherapy of the cyst wall for de-epithelialization. Clinical observation. A 20-year-old female patient underwent surgical treatment at the Endoscopic Surgery Department of the Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery for a nonparasitic splenic cyst located in the hilum of the spleen, measuring approximately 6 cm. Results. In our clinical case of treating a patient with a large splenic cyst, we successfully performed a minimally invasive procedure consisting of intraluminal transgastric puncture and de-epithelialization of the splenic cyst under endosonographic guidance. Conclusion. Endoscopic intraluminal transgastric puncture with subsequent de-epithelialization of the splenic cyst under endosonographic guidance is an optimal minimally invasive technique and a preferable alternative to traditional surgical interventions.

Ince the discovery of microorganisms, the question of the role and mechanisms of the effect of microflora on the human body has constantly arisen. Views on the microbiota varied depending on the level of its scientific knowledge. The article examines the historical formation and current state of the gut dysbiosis theory. Aim of investigation. To trace the evolution of the gut dysbiosis theory, to summarize modern ideas about the composition, functions and role of the microbiota in maintaining human health, as well as to analyze methods for the diagnosis and correction of microbial balance disorders. Materials and methods. An analytical review of domestic and foreign literature sources on the problem of microbiocenosis has been conducted, including historical data, the results of fundamental and clinical research, as well as a comparative analysis of modern methods for diagnosing gut microbial ecology disorders, including molecular genetic and metabolomic approaches. Results. It has been established that the development of the gut dysbiosis theory has passed through several stages - from the heuristic to the analytical, reflecting the deepening of knowledge about the symbiotic interactions of humans and the microbiota. The main functions of the microbiota (energy supply, immunomodulation, vitamin synthesis, protection against pathogens) have been determined. Classifications and criteria of dysbiosis are presented, modern diagnostic methods are proposed, including gas-liquid chromatography of short-chain fatty acids, which is highly informative. The principles of correction of microbiocenosis disorders using probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and metabiotics are substantiated, and the effectiveness of individualized treatment regimens is shown. Conclusion. The modern gut dysbiosis theory is based on the understanding of the microbiota as a full-fledged “metabolic organ”, closely integrated with the macroorganism. The development of molecular and metabolic technologies opens up prospects for personalized medicine, early diagnosis and targeted correction of microecological disorders. Further research should be aimed at studying the mechanisms of interaction of the microbiota with various body systems and developing targeted therapeutic strategies.