Constipation in adults

1. Drossman D. A. Rome IV – Functional GI Disorders: Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction. Gastroenterology. 2016; 1257–1261.

2. Parfenov A. I., Indeykina L. Kh., Belyaeva A. A., et al. Chronic constipation. Guidelines. Moscow, 2016, 54 P.

3. Bharucha A.E., Dorn S. D., Lembo A., Pressman A. American gastroenterological association medical position statement on constipation 2013; Gastroenterology 144 (1):211–217.

4. Dukas L, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Association between physical activity, fiber intake, and other lifestyle variables and constipation in a study of women. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:1790–6.

5. Chu H, Zhong L, Li H, et al. Epidemiology characteristics of constipation for general population, pediatric population, and elderly population in China. Gastroenterol Res Prac.t 2014;2014:532734.

6. Vazquez Roque M, Bouras EP. Epidemiology and management of chronic constipation in elderly patients. Clin Interv Aging 2015;10:919–30.

7. Paul Enck, Johannes Leinert, Menno Smid, Thorsten Ko¨hler, Juliane Schwille-Kiuntke. Prevalence of constipation in the German population – a representative survey (GECCO). United European Gastroenterology Journal 2016, Vol. 4(3) 429–437.

8. Wald A, Scarpignato C, Mueller-Lissner S, et al. A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-defined constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 917–930.

9. Lazebnik L. B., Prilepskaia S. I., Baryshnikov E. N., Parfenov A. I., Kosacheva T. N. Prevalence and risk factors of constipation in the adult population of Moscow (according to population-based study MUSA). Eksp Klin Gastroenterol. 2011;(3):68–73.

10. Bharucha A. E. Constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2007; 21(4):709–31.

11. Bassotti G., Bellini M., Pucciani F., Bocchini R., Bove A., Alduini P., Battaglia E., Bruzzi P. Italian Constipation Study Group. An extended assessment of bowel habits in a general population. World J. Gastroenterol. 2004; 10: 713–716.

12. Branch RL, Butt TF. Drug-induced constipation. Adv Drug Reaction Bull 2009;257:987–990.

13. Tack J., Müller-Lissner S, Stanghellini V, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation – a European perspective. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011; 23(8):697–710.

14. Enck P, Leinert J., Menno Smid M., et al. Somatic Comorbidity in Chronic Constipation: More Data from the GECCO Study. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Gastroenterology Research and Practice Volume 2016, Article ID5939238, 8 pages.

15. Rok S Choung, Enrique Rey, G Richard Locke III, et al. Chronic constipation and co-morbidities: A prospective population-based nested case-control study. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2016, Vol. 4(1) 142–151.

16. Talley NJ. How to do and interpret a rectal examination in gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(4):820–822.

17. Namirah Jamshed, Zone-En-Lee, Kevin W. Olden. Diagnostic Approach to Chronic Constipation in Adults. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(3):299–306.

18. The standard of care for patients with Hirschsprung’s disease (when providing specialized care). Approved by Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia of May 29, No. 362.

19. The standard of care for patients with Hirschsprung’s disease. Approved by Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated February 9, 2006, No. 73.

20. The standard of care for patients with megacolon. Approved by Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of February 9, 2006. No. 67.

21. Ruitong Gao, Yujia Tao, Changli Zhou, et al. Exercise therapy in patients with constipation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2019, 54:2, 169–177,

22. Sobrado Carlos Walter, Isaac José Felippe Corrê a Neto, Rodrigo Ambar Pinto, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of constipation: a clinical update based on the Rome IV criteria. J. Coloproctol. (Rio J.). 2018, vol.38, n.2, pp.137–144. ISSN2237–9363.

23. Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL. Lactulose versus polyethylene glycol for chronic constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;7: CD007570.

24. Fleming V., Wade WE. A review of laxative therapies for treatment of chronic constipation in older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010;8(6):514–50

25. Marlett J., Kajs T., Fischer M. An unfermented gel component of psyllium seed husk promotes laxation as a lubricant in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.;2000;72: 784–9

26. Ford AC, Suares NC. Effect of laxatives and pharmacological therapies in chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2011; 60:209–18.

27. Anti M, Pignataro G, Armuzzi A, et al. Water supplementation enhances the effect of high-fiber diet on stool frequency and laxative consumption in adult patients with functional constipation. Hepatogastroenterology. 1998; 45:727–32.

28. Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL. Lactulose versus polyethylene glycol for chronic constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;7: CD007570.

29. Suares NC, Ford AC. Systematic review: the effects of fibre in the management of chronic idiopathic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33:895–90.

30. Ford A., Moayyedi P., Lacy B. E., et al. American College of Gastroenterology monograph on the management of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109(Suppl. 1): S2-S26.

31. Chmielewska A, Szajewska H. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials: probiotics for functional constipation. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:69–75.

32. Ojetti V, Ianiro G, Tortora A, D’Angelo G, Di Rienzo TA, Bibbò S, et al. The effect of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation in adults with chronic functional constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2014;23:387–91.

33. Quigley Eamonn M. M. Prucalopride: safety, efficacy and potential applications Ther Adv Gastroenterol 2012; 5(1) 23–30.

34. Zarodnyuk I. V. X-ray defecography in the examination of coloproctological patients. Radiology – practice. 2004; 2: 26–30.

35. Levin M. D., Degtyarev Yu.G., Averin V. I., Abu-Varda J. F., Bolbas T. M. Standardization of x-ray examination of the colon and anorectal zone. Novosti Khirurgii. 2013; 21–4: 90–98.

36. Paquette Ian M., Varma Madhulika, Ternent Charles et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons’ Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Constipation. Clinical Practice Guidelines. Dis Colon Rectum 2016; 59: 479–492

37. Southwell BR, Clarke MC, Sutcliffe J, Hutson JM. Colonic transit studies: Normal values for adults and children with comparison of radiological and scintigraphic methods. Pediatr Surg Int. 2009; 25: 559–72.

38. Sleisenger MH, Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ. Sleisenger & Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 8th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2006. pp. 2127–46

39. Parfyonov A. I. Enterology. Triad-X, 2002, 744 p.

40. Shemerovsky K. A. Chronopathological aspects of the motor-evacuation function of the digestive tract. Moscow. Medical News Agency, 2012, 480 p.

41. Sleisenger MH, Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ. Sleisenger & Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 8th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2006. pp. 2127–4

42. Phillips LK, Rayner CK, Jones KL, Horowitz M. An update on autonomic neuropathy affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Diab Rep. 2006;6:417–423. doi: 10.1007/s11892–006–0073–0.

43. Forgacs I, Patel V. Diabetes and the gastrointestinal tract. Medicine. 2011;39:288–92.

44. Krishnan B., Babu S, Walker J, Walker AB, Pappachan JM. Gastrointestinal complications of diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2013;4(3):51–63. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v4.i3.51

45. Chandrasekharan B, Anitha M, Blatt R, Shahnavaz N, Kooby D, Staley C, Mwangi S, Jones DP, Sitaraman SV, Srinivasan S. Colonic motor dysfunction in human diabetes is associated with enteric neuronal loss and increased oxidative stress.Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011; 23(2):131–8, e26.

46. Abigail Maisey. A Practical Approach to Gastrointestinal Complications of Diabetes Diabetes Ther. 2016; 7(3): 379–386.

47. Noriko Ihana-Sugiyama, Naoyoshi Nagata, Ritsuko Yamamoto-Honda et al. Constipation, hard stools, fecal urgency, and incomplete evacuation, but not diarrhea is associated with diabetes and its related factors. Observational Study. World J Gastroenterol 201621; 22(11): 3252–3260.

48. Rok S Choung, Enrique Rey, G Richard Locke III, Cathy D Schleck, Charles Baum, Alan R Zinsmeister and Nicholas J Talley. Chronic constipation and co-morbidities: A prospective population-based nested case-control study. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2016, Vol. 4(1) 142–151.

49. Pustorino S., Foti M., Calipari G., et al. Thyroid-intestinal motility interactions summary. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2004;50(4):305–15.

50. Ebert EC. The thyroid and the gut. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;44(6):402–6.

51. Tenore A, Fasano A, Gasparini N, et al. Thyroxine effects on intestinal Cl-HCO3-exchange in hypo- and hyperthyroid rats. J Endocrinol 1996:151:431.

52. Abbasi AA, Douglass RC, Bissel GW, et al. Myxedema ileus. JAMA 1975;234:181.

53. Ali Riza Koksal, Meltem Ergun, Salih Boga, et al. Increased Prevalence of Colorectal Polyp in Acromegaly Patients: A Case-Control Study. Diagnostic and Therapeutic EndoscopyVolume 2014, Article ID152049, 4 pages.

54. Rokkas T, Pistiolas D, Sechopoulos P, et al. Risk of colorectal neoplasm in patients with acromegaly: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2008; 14: 3484–3489.

55. Wassenaar MJ, Cazemier M, Biermasz NR, et al. Acromegaly is associated with an increased prevalence of colonic diverticula: a case-control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(5):2073–9

56. Renehan AG, Painter JE, Bell GD, et al. Determination of large bowel length and loop complexity in patients with acromegaly undergoing screening colonoscopy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 62: 323–330.

57. Lin Zhao Jian-min, Liu Xiao-Yan, He Hong-yan, et al. The Changing Clinical Patterns of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Chinese Patients: Data from 2000 to 2010 in a Single Clinical Center. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2013; 98 (2):721–728.

58. Bargren A.E., Repplinger D., Chen H., Sippel R. S. Can biochemical abnormalities predict symptomatology in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism? J. Am. Coll. Surg 2011; 213(3): 410–414.

59. de Oliveira SC, Pinto-Neto AM, Góes JR, Conde DM, Santos-Sá D, Costa-Paiva L. [Prevalence and factors associated with intestinal constipation in postmenopausal women]. Arq Gastroenterol.;42(1):24–9.

60. Ji-Eun Oh, Yong-Woon Kim, et al. Estrogen Rather Than Progesterone Cause Constipation in Both Female and Male Mice. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2013; 17(5): 423–426.

61. Bassotti G., Villanacci V., Bellomi A. et al. An assessment of enteric nervous system and estroprogestinic receptors in obstructed defecation associated with rectal intussusception. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2012$ Vol. 24, N3:155–161.

62. Coggrave M, Norton C, Cody JD. Management of fecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological disease (review). 2014 The Cochrane Collaboration

63. Jost WH. Gastrointestinal motility problems in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Effects of antiparkinsonian treatment and guidelines for management. Drugs Aging 1997;10: 249–58.

64. Norton C, Chelvanayagam S. Bowel problems and coping strategies in people with multiple sclerosis. Br J Nurs 2010;19:1–6

65. Sanober Nusrat, Elsie Gulick, David Levinthal, Klaus Bielefeldt. Anorectal Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Neurology Volume 2012, Article ID376023, 9 pages

66. Collins P, Rhodes J. Ulcerative colitis: diagnosis and management. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 2006;333(7563):340–343.

67. Fargo MV, Latimer KM. Evaluation and management of common anorectal conditions. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85:624–630.

68. Elena Salmoirago-Blotcher, et al. Constipation and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease among Post-Menopausal Women. Am J Med. 2011; 124(8): 714–723. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.0

69. Kenji Honkura, Yasutake Tomata, Kemmyo Sugiyama, et al. Defecation frequency and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japan: The Ohsaki cohort study. Atherosclerosis 2016; 246: 251–256.

70. Gabrio Bassotti. Being constipated: A bad omen for your cardiovascular system? Atherosclerosis 2016; 245: 240–241.

71. Wenjie M., Li Y., Heianza Y., et al. Associations of Bowel Movement Frequency with Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality among US Women.” Scientific Reports 2016; 6 (1): 33005.

72. Markland А., Dunivan G., Vaughan C., et al. Rebecca G. Rogers. Anal Intercourse and Fecal Incontinence: Evidence from the 2009–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111(2): 269–274.

73. Locke GR, Pemberton JH, and Phillips SF. AGA technical review on constipation. Gastroentrology 2000;119:1766– 1778.

74. Talley, N.J., Fleming, K.C., Evans, J.M. et al. Constipation in an elderly community: a study of prevalence and potential risk factors. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996; 91: 19–25

75. Talley, N.J., Jones, M., Nuyts, G. et al. Risk factors for chronic constipation based on a general practice sample. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003; 98: 1107–1111

76. Clinical recommendations «Preparing patients for endoscopic examination of the colon». Russian Endoscopic Society, 2017, Moscow, 69 p.

77. Melanie Huffman, R. Zackary Unger, Chandana Thatikonda, Sable Amstutz, Douglas K. Rex. Split-dose bowel preparation for colonoscopy and residual gastric fluid volume: an observational study Gastrointest Endosc 2010;72:516–22.)

78. Robert J. Hilsden, Catherine Dube, Alaa Rostom. Split-Dose Polyethylene Glycol Is Superior to Single Dose for Colonoscopy Preparation: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. RachidMohamed, Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Volume 2016, Article ID318145

79. Todd W. Kilgore, Abdillahi A. Abdinoor, Nicholas M. Szary, Samuel W. Schowengerdt, Jamie B. Yust, Abhishek Choudhary, Michelle Bowel preparation with split-dose polyethylene glycol before colonoscopy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:1240–5

80. BK Enestvedt, C Tofani, LA Laine, A Tierney. 4-Liter Split-Dose Polyethylene Glycol Is Superior to Other Bowel Preparations, Based on Systematic Review and Metaanalysis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology Volume 10, Issue 11, November 2012, Pages 1225–1231

81. Hassan Cesare et al. Bowel preparation for colonoscopy: ESGE Guideline – Update 2019 Endoscopy

82. Douglas K. Rex et al. A randomized clinical study comparing reduced-volume oral sulfate solution with standard 4-liter sulfate-free electrolyte lavage solution as preparation for colonoscopy.Gastrointestinal endoscopy Volume 72, No. 2: 2010

83. Michal F. Kaminski, Cesare Hassan, Mario Dinis-Ribeiro, Matthew D. Rutter et al. Performance measures for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy: a European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Quality Improvement Initiative. Endoscopy 2017; 49: 378–397.

84. Yusuke Ishiyama, Satoshi Hoshide, Kazuomi Kario. Constipation-induced pressor effects as triggers for cardiovascular events J Clin Hypertens. 2019; 21:421–425.

85. Carrasco Anna J. Pedrosa, Timmermann Lars, Pedrosa David J. Management of constipation in patients with Parkinson’s disease. npj Parkinson’s Disease 2018; 4:6; doi:10.1038/s41531–018–0042–8

86. Yan M, Zhang LY, Sun LX, et al. Nephrotoxicity study of total rhubarb anthraquinones on Sprague Dawley rats using DNA microarrays. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 107: 308-311.

87. Soltanian N., Janghorbani M., Payman Adibi P. Effects of psyllium vs. placebo on constipation, weight, glycemia, and lipids: A randomized trial in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic constipation Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2018; 40: 1–7

88. Chernus N. P., Vanchakova N. P., Sivkova S. K., Sivkov A. S., Gorenkov R. V. Ipidacrine in combination therapy regimens of functional constipation. 2018, Vol 90, no.12, pp. 48–55.