Preview

Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology

Advanced search

Clinical guidelines “Chronic diarrhea in adults”

https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-188-4-7-67

About the Authors

L. B. Lazebnik
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “A. I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russion Federation
Russian Federation

Leonid B. Lazebnik, Vice President of the RSMST, President of the GSSR, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Outpacient Therapy Department

Delegatskay str., 20/1, Moscow, 127473



A. S. Sarsenbaeva
South- Ural State Medical University
Russian Federation

Aiman S. Sarsenbaeva, Department of Therapy ICPE, Professor, Doctor of Medical Sciences

64, Vorovskogo str., Chelyabinsk, 454092

Scopus Author ID: 8580282400



E. B. Avalueva
North-Western state medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov, Ministry of health of the Russian Federation
Russian Federation

Elena B. Avalueva, MD, PhD, Prof. of the Department of Propaedeutic of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Dietetics named after S. M. Ryss

191015, St. Petersburg, Kirochnaya street, 41



L. S. Oreshko
North-Western state medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov, Ministry of health of the Russian Federation
Russian Federation

Ludmila S. Оshkо, MD, professor of the Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutic, Gastroenterology and Dietetics n. a. S. M. Ryss

191015, St. Petersburg, Kirochnaya street, 41

Scopus Author ID: 24081182800



S. I. Sitkin
North- Western state medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov, Ministry of health of the Russian Federation; Federal State Budgetary Institution “Almazov National Medical Research Centre” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Russian Federation

Stanislav I. Sitkin, Ph.D., Dr. med., associate professor of the Department of Propaedeutic of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Dietetics named after S. M. Ryss; Head of the Epigenetics & Metagenomics Research Group of the Institute of Perinatology and Pediatrics

191015, St. Petersburg, Kirochnaya street, 41,

Akkuratova St., 2, St. Petersburg 197341

Scopus ID: 6603071466



E. V. Golovanova
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “A. I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russion Federation
Russian Federation

Elena V. Golovanova, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Polyclinic Therapy

Delegatskay str., 20/1, Moscow, 127473

Scopus Author ID: 6603930365



S. V. Turkina
State-funded Educational Establishment of Higher Professional Education “Volgograd State Medical University of the Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation”
Russian Federation

Svetlana V. Turkina, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Internal Diseases of Pediatric and Dental Faculties

400131, Volgograd



O. V. Khlynova
Perm State Medical University named after academician E. A. Vagner Ministry of Health care of Russia
Russian Federation

Olga V. Khlynova, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Hospital Therapy; Chief Freelance Specialist, Gastroenterologist of the Ministry of Health of the Perm Territory

614099, Perm Region, Perm, Petropavlovskaya St., 26



O. I. Sagalova
South-Ural State Medical University
Russian Federation

Olga I. Sagalova, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Head of the Infection Department No. 2, infectious disease doctor, chief freelance infectious disease specialist of the Ministry of Health of the Chelyabinsk region

64, Vorovskogo str., Chelyabinsk, 454092



O. V. Mironchev
Orenburg State Medical University
Russian Federation

Mironchev Oleg Viktorovich, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Department of Clinical Medicine; Chairman of Society of Gastroenterologist’s in Orenburg Region

6, Sovetskaya street, Orenburg, 460000



References

1. Parfenov A. I. Enterology. A guide for doctors. Moscow, “Triada- X” Publ., 2002, 744 p. (In Russ.)

2. Ananiev V.S., Artamonova E. V., Achkasov S. I., et al. Clinical guidelines Colon and sigmoid cancer CG 39, 2016. (In Russ.)

3. Baranov A.A., Namazova- Baranova L.S., Borovik T. E., et al. Clinical guidelines Celiac disease in children CG 404, 2016. (In Russ.)

4. Arslanova L.V., Barysheva I. V., Burganova A. N., et al. Clinical guidelines Shigellosis in adults CG 498, 2016. (In Russ.)

5. Clinical guidelines of the RGA for the management of patients with Crohn’s disease, 2016. (In Russ.)

6. Gonchar N.V., Kozlov S. S., et al. Clinical guidelines Amebiasis in children, CG 556. 2016. (In Russ.)

7. Lioznov D. A., Karnaukhova E. Yu.; Russian Society of Emergency Medical Aid. Clinical guidelines (protocol) for the provision of emergency medical care for infectious diarrhea syndrome (National clinical guidelines). 2014. (In Russ.)

8. Parfyonov A. I., Belostotsky N. I., Dbar S. R., et al. Enteropathy with Disorder of Membrane Digestion. Effective Pharmacotherapy. 2018;2:20–26. (In Russ.)

9. Wenzl HH, Fine KD, Schiller LR, etal. . Determinants of decreased fecal consistency in patients with diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 1995;108:1729–38. Doi: 10.1016/0016–5085(95)90134–5

10. Fine KD, Schiller LR. AGA technical review on the evaluation and management of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:1464–86. Doi: 10.1016/S0016–5085(99)70513–5

11. Stotzer P-O, Abrahamsson H, Bajor A, et al. Are the definitions for chronic diarrhoea adequate? Evaluation of two different definitions in patients with chronic diarrhoea. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2015;3:381–6. Doi: 10.1177/2050640615580219

12. Duncan A, Hill PG. A UK survey of laboratory- based gastrointestinal investigations. Ann Clin Biochem. 1998;35(Pt 4):492–503. Doi: 10.1177/000456329803500403

13. Arrambide KA, Santa Ana CA, Schiller LR, et al. Loss of absorptive capacity for sodium chloride as a cause of diarrhea following partial ileal and right colon resection. Dig Dis Sci. 1989;34:193–201. Doi: 10.1007/BF01536050

14. Ros E, Zambon D. Postcholecystectomy symptoms. A prospective study of gall stone patients before and two years aft er surgery. Gut. 1987;28:1500–4. Doi: 10.1136/gut.28.11.1500

15. Valdovinos MA, Camilleri M, Zimmerman BR. Chronic diarrhea in diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and an approach to diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 1993;68:691–702. Doi: 10.1016/S0025–6196(12)60606–5

16. Person J. Alcohol and the small intestine. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1991;26:3–15. Doi: 10.3109/00365529108996478

17. Jain NK, Rosenberg DB, Ulahannan MJ, Glasser MJ, Pitchumoni CS. Sorbitol intolerance in adults. 1985 Sep;80(9):678–81. PMID: 4036946.

18. Elfstrand L, Florén CH. Management of chronic diarrhea in HIV-infected patients: current treatment options, challenges and future directions. HIV/AIDS. 2010;2:219– 24. Doi: 10.2147/HIV.S13191

19. Isaac- Renton JL. Laboratory diagnosis of giardiasis. Clin Lab Med. 1991;11:811–27.

20. Rosenblatt JE, Sloan LM, Schneider SK. Evaluation of an enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Giardia lamblia in stool specimens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1993;16:337–41. Doi: 10.1016/0732–8893(93)90086-M

21. Mank TG, Zaat JOM, Deelder AM, et al. Sensitivity of microscopy versus enzyme immunoassay in the laboratory diagnosis of giardiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997;16:615–9. Doi: 10.1007/BF02447929

22. Zaat JOM, Mank TG, Assendelft WJJ. A systematic review on the treatment of giardiasis. Trop Med Int Health. 1997;2:63–82. Doi: 10.1046/j.1365–3156.1997.d01–132.x

23. Dhanalakshmi S, Meenachi C, Parija SC. Indirect haemagglutination test in comparison with ELISA for detection of antibodies against invasive amoebiasis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10: DC05–8. Doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/21566.8326

24. Cornely OA, Crook DW, Esposito R, et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for infection with Clostridium difficile in Europe, Canada, and the USA: a doubleblind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12:281–9. Doi: 10.1016/S1473–3099(11)70374–7

25. Louie TJ, Miller MA, Mullane KM, et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med Overseas Ed. 2011;364:422–31. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0910812

26. Wilcox MH, Gerding DN, Poxton IR, et al. Bezlotoxumab for prevention of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med Overseas Ed 2017;376:305–17. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1602615

27. Davies KA, Longshaw CM, Davis GL, et al. Underdiagnosis of Clostridium difficile across Europe: the European, multicentre, prospective, biannual, point- prevalence study of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients with diarrhea (EUCLID). Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14:1208–19. Doi: 10.1016/S1473–3099(14)70991–0

28. Wadhwa A, Al Nahhas MF, Dierkhising RA, et al. High risk of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in patients with Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44:576–82. Doi: 10.1111/apt.13737

29. Waugh N, Cummins E, Royle P, et al. Faecal calprotectin testing for differentiating amongst inflammatory and non-inflammatory bowel diseases: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17: xv–xix. 10.3310/hta17550

30. Dhaliwal A, Zeino Z, Tomkins C, et al. Utility of faecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): what cut-off s should we apply? Frontline Gastroenterol. 2015;6:14–19. Doi: 10.1136/flgastro-2013–100420

31. McFarlane M, Chambers S, Malik A, et al. Clinical outcomes at 12 months and risk of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with an intermediate raised fecal calprotectin: a ‘real-world’ view. BMJ Open. 2016;6: e011041. Doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016–011041

32. Karsa Lv, Lignini TA, Patnick J, et al. Th e dimensions of the CRC problem. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;24:381–96. Doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2010.06.004

33. Mowat C, Digby J, Strachan JA, et al. Faecal haemoglobin and faecal calprotectin as indicators of bowel disease in patients presenting to primary care with bowel symptoms. Gut. 2016;65:1463–9. Doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015–309579

34. Quyn AJ, Steele RJ, Digby J, et al. Application of NICE guideline NG12 to the initial assessment of patients with lower gastrointestinal symptoms: not FIT for purpose? Ann Clin Biochem. 2018;55:69–76. Doi: 10.1177/0004563217707981

35. Ross S, D’Mello M, Anand SS, et al. Effect of bile acid sequestrants on the risk of cardiovascular events: a mendelian randomization analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2015;8:618–27. Doi: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.114.000952

36. Langner C, Aust D, Ensari A, et al. Histology of microscopic colitis- review with a practical approach for pathologists. Histopathology. 2015;66:613–26. Doi: 10.1111/his.12592

37. Böhmer CJM, Tuynman HARE. The effect of a lactoserestricted diet in patients with a positive lactose tolerance test, earlier diagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome: a 5-year follow-up study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;13:941–4. Doi: 10.1097/00042737–200108000–00011

38. Corlew- Roath M, Di Palma JA. Clinical impact of identifying lactose maldigestion or fructose malabsorption in irritable bowel syndrome or other conditions. South Med J. 2009;102:1010–2. Doi: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181b64c7f

39. Hauer- Jensen M, Denham JW, Andreyev HJN. Radiation enteropathy: pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;11:470–9. Doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.46

40. Dinning PG, Szczesniak MM, Cook IJ. Twenty-four hour spatiotemporal mapping of colonic propagating sequences provides pathophysiological insight into constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008;20:1017–21. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365–2982.2008.01147.x

41. Lindberg G, Tornblom H, Iwarzon M, et al. Full-thickness biopsy findings in chronic intestinal pseudo- obstruction and enteric dysmotility. Gut. 2009;58:1084–90. Doi: 10.1136/gut.2008.148296

42. Posserud I, Stotzer P-O, Bjornsson ES, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2007;56:802–8. Doi: 10.1136/gut.2006.108712

43. Soffer EE, Bruck R, Bar- Meir S. The role of short-term multilumen duodenojejunal manometry in patients with intestinal motor dysfunction. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1988;12:123–5. PMID: 3366314.

44. Stanghellini V, Cogliandro R, Cogliandro L, et al. Clinical use of manometry for the diagnosis of intestinal motor abnormalities. Dig Liver Dis .2000;32:532–41. Doi: 10.1016/S1590–8658(00)80011–0

45. Marciani L, Cox EF, Hoad CL, et al. Postprandial changes in small bowel water content in healthy subjects and patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:469–77. 77 e1 Doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.10.055

46. Armbrecht U, Lundell L, Lindstedt G, et al. Causes of malabsorption aft er total gastrectomy with Roux-en- Y reconstruction. Acta Chir Scand 1988;154:37–41. PMID: 3354282.

47. Swan RW. Stagnant loop syndrome resulting from smallbowel irradiation injury and intestinal by-pass. Gynecol Oncol. 1974;2:441–5. Doi: 10.1016/0090–8258(74)90052–3

48. Castiglione F, Del Vecchio Blanco G, Rispo A, et al. Orocecal transit time and bacterial overgrowth in patients with Crohn’s disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2000;31:63–6. Doi: 10.1097/00004836–200007000–00015

49. Mekhjian HS, O’Dorisio TM. VIPoma syndrome. Semin Oncol. 1987;14:282–91. PMID: 2820063.

50. Ganguli PC, Cullen DR, Irvine WJ. Radioimmunoassay of plasmagastrin in pernicious anaemia, achlorhydria without pernicious anaemia, hypochlorhydria, and in controls. Lancet. 1971;1:155–8. Doi: 10.1016/S0140–6736(71)91932–5

51. Ramage JK, Ahmed A, Ardill J, et al. Guidelines for the management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (including carcinoid) tumours (NETs). Gut. 2012;61:6–32. Doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011–300831

52. Halperin DM, Shen C, Dasari A, et al. Frequency of carcinoid syndrome at neuroendocrine tumour diagnosis: a population- based study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:525–34. Doi: 10.1016/S1470–2045(17)30110–9

53. Afzalpurkar RG, Schiller LR, Little KH, et al. Th e self-limited nature of chronic idiopathic diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1849–52. Doi: 10.1056/NEJM199212243272605

54. Hungin AP, Paxman L, Koenig K, et al. Prevalence, symptom patterns and management of episodic diarrhoea in the community: a population- based survey in 11 countries. Aliment Pharmacol Th er. 2016;43:586–95. Doi: 10.1111/apt.13513

55. Wang D, Ju X, Xie F. et al. Clinical analysis of 31 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children from six provinces (autonomous region) of northern China. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020;58: E011 (in Chinese). doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140–20200225–00138. PMID: 32118389.

56. Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Donnelly CA, Ghani AC, Leung GM, et al. Lancet. 2003:1761–1766. doi: 10.1016/S0140–6736(03)13410–1. Erratum in: Lancet. 2003 May 24;361(9371):1832. PMID: 12781533; PMCID: PMC7112380.

57. Yang Z, Li G, Dai X, Liu G, Li G, Jie Y. Three cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia with viral nucleic acids still positive in stool after throat swab detection turned negative. Chin J Dig. 2020;40: E002–E002 (in Chinese). Doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254–1432.2020.0002

58. Ling Y, Xu SB, Lin YX. et al. Persistence and clearance of viral RNA in 2019 novel coronavirus disease rehabilitation patients. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020. Published online Feb 28. Doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000774

59. Zhang J, Wang S, Xue Y. Fecal specimen diagnosis 2019 novel coronavirus‐infected pneumonia. J Med Virol. 2020. Published online Mar 3. Doi: 10.1002/jmv.25742

60. Read NW, Krejs GJ, Read MG, et al. Chronic diarrhea of unknown origin. Gastroenterology. 1980;78:264–71.

61. Ackerman Z, Eliakim R, Stalnikowicz R, et al. Role of small bowel biopsy in the endoscopic evaluation of adults with iron defi ciency anemia. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:2099–102.

62. Isaac- Renton JL. Laboratory diagnosis of giardiasis. Clin Lab Med. 1991;11:811–27.

63. Ranesh P Arasaradnam, Steven Guidelines for the investigation of chronic diarroea in adults British Sosiety of Gastroenterology, 3 rd edition. Gut. 2018 aug 67 (8) 1380–1399. Published online 2018 Apr 13

64. Eriksson B, Arnberg H, Lindgren PG, et al. Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumours: clinical presentation, biochemical and histopathological findings in 84 patients. J Intern Med. 1990;228:103–13. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365–2796.1990.tb00202.x

65. Talley NJ, Weaver AL, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Onset and disappearance of gastrointestinal symptoms and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;136:165–77. Doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116483

66. Canavan C, West J, Card T. The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Epidemiol. 2014;6:71–80. Doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S40245

67. American Gastroenterological Association. Medical position statement: celiac sprue. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:1522–5.

68. West J, et al. Seroprevalence, correlates, and characteristics of undetected coeliac disease in England. Gut. 2003;52:960–5. Doi: 10.1136/gut.52.7.960

69. Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:286–92. Doi: 10.1001/archinte.163.3.286

70. Green PH, Jabri B. Coeliac disease. Lancet. 2003;362:383– 91. Doi: 10.1016/S0140–6736(03)14027–5

71. Catassi C, Kryszak D, Bhatti B, et al. Natural history of celiac disease autoimmunity in a USA cohort followed since 1974. Ann Med. 2010;42:530–8. Doi: 10.3109/07853890.2010.514285

72. Lohi S, Mustalahti K, Kaukinen K, et al. Increasing prevalence of coeliac disease over time. Aliment Pharmacol Th er. 2007;26:1217–25. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365–2036.2007.03502.x

73. Rubio–Tapia A, Kyle RA, Kaplan EL, et al. Increased prevalence and mortality in undiagnosed celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:88–93. Doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.059

74. Fernández- Bañares F, Esteve M, Salas A, et al. Systematic evaluation of the causes of chronic watery diarrhea with functional characteristics. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2520–8. Doi: 10.1111/j.1572–0241.2007.01438.x

75. Hopper AD, Cross SS, Hurlstone DP, et al. Pre-endoscopy serological testing for coeliac disease: evaluation of a clinical decision tool. BMJ. 2007;334:729. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.39133.668681.BE

76. Storhaug CL, Fosse SK, Fadnes LT. Country, regional, and global estimates for lactose malabsorption in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2:738–46. Doi: 10.1016/S2468–1253(17)30154–1

77. Zheng X, Chu H, Cong Y, et al. Self-reported lactose intolerance in clinic patients with functional gastrointestinal symptoms: prevalence, risk factors, and impact on food choices. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015;27:1138–46. Doi: 10.1111/nmo.12602

78. O’Donnell LJ, Virjee J, Heaton KW. Detection of pseudodiarrhoea by simple clinical assessment of intestinal transit rate. BMJ. 1990;300:439–40. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.300.6722.439

79. Madoff RD, Williams JG, Caushaj PF. Fecal incontinence. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1002–7. Doi: 10.1056/NEJM199204093261507

80. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323:1061. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585

81. Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 May;20(5):533–534. doi: 10.1016/S1473–3099(20)30120–1. Epub 2020 Feb 19. Erratum in: Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;20(9): e215. PMID: 32087114; PMCID: PMC7159018.

82. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China [Internet]. N Engl J Med. 2020; NEJMoa2002032. [cited 2020 Apr 16] doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032

83. Jin X, Lian J-S, Hu J-H, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirusinfected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms. [Internet]. Gut. 2020; gutjnl-2020–320926. [cited 2020 Apr 13] doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020–320926

84. Pan L, Mu M, Yang P, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross- sectional, multicenter study [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 13] Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ajg/Documents/COVID_Digestive_Symptoms_AJG_Preproof.pdf.

85. Zhou P., Yang X. L., Wang X. G., et al. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin [J/OL]. 2020 [2020–01–23]. DOI:10.1101/2020.01.22.914952

86. Zhang H., Kang Z., Gong H. Th e digestive system is a potential route of 2019-ncov infection: A bioinformatics analysis -based on single – cell transcriptomes [J] J bioRxiv. 2020. DOI:10.1101/2020.01.30.927806

87. Tang X. F., M, Zheng X., Liu Y., Li X., Shan H., Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS –CoV – 2, Gastroenterology (2020), doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055

88. Hoffmann M, Kleine- Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARSCoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):271–280.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052. Epub 2020 Mar 5. PMID: 32142651; PMCID: PMC7102627.

89. Hung I. F., Cheng V. C., Wu A. K. Viral loads in clinical specimens and SARS manifestations. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1550–1557.

90. Zhou J., Li C., Zhao G. Human intestinal tract serves as an alternative infection route for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Sci Adv. 2017;3 eaao4966.

91. Holshue M. L., DeBolt C., Lindquist S. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):929–936.

92. Tisoncik JR, Korth MJ, Simmons CP, Farrar J, Martin TR, Katze MG. Into the eye of the cytokine storm. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2012 Mar;76(1):16–32. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.05015–11. PMID: 22390970; PMCID: PMC3294426.

93. Tocilizumab in COVID-19 Pneumonia (TOCIVID-19)— Full text view – clinical trials. gov. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04317092. Accessed April 12, 2020.

94. Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Sarilumab in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 – Full Text View – Clinicaltrials.gov. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04315298. Accessed April 12, 2020

95. Monteleone G, Ardizzone S. Are patients with inflammatory bowel disease at increased risk for COVID-19 Infection? J Crohn’s and Colitis. 2020; [Online ahead of print].

96. Rubin D, Feuerstein J, Wang, et al. AGA clinical practice update on management of inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: expert commentary. Gastroenterology. 2020; [Online ahead of print].

97. Yuan Tian et al. Rewier article: gastrointestinal features in COVID-19 and the possibility of faecal transmission. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020 May 51 (9): 843–851.

98. Liat S. Gutin, et al. Going Viral: Management of IBD in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Dig Dis Sci. 2020 May 4: 1–5.

99. Yuhao Zhang et all. New understanding of the damage of SARS-CoV-2 – infection outside the respiratory system. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 Apr 28 110195 doi 10.1016/biopha.2020.110195

100. Hopper AD, Hadjivassiliou M, utt S, et al. Adult coeliac disease. BMJ. 2007;335:558–62. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39316.442338.AD

101. Ferguson A, Arranz E, O’Mahony S. Clinical and pathological spectrum of coeliac disease–active, silent, latent, potential. Gut. 1993;34:150–1. doi: 10.1136/gut.34.2.150

102. Richey R, Howdle P, Shaw E, et al. [Recognition and assessment of celiac disease in children and adults: summary of NICE guideline]. Praxis. 2009;98:1233–5. doi: 10.1024/1661–8157.98.21.1233

103. Sanders DS, Carter MJ, Hurlstone DP, et al. Association of adult coeliac disease with irritable bowel syndrome: a case-control study in patients fulfilling ROME II criteria referred to secondary care. Lancet. 2001;358:1504–8. doi: 10.1016/S0140–6736(01)06581–3

104. Sanders DS, et al. Changing face of adult coeliac disease: experience of a single university hospital in South Yorkshire. Postgrad Med J. 2002;78:31–3. doi: 10.1136/pmj.78.915.31

105. Green PHR, Stavropoulos SN, Panagi SG, et al. Characteristics of adult celiac disease in the USA: results of a national survey. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:126–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1572–0241.2001.03462.x

106. Cranney A, Zarkadas M, Graham ID, et al. The Canadian Celiac Health Survey. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:1087–95. doi: 10.1007/s10620–006–9258–2

107. Caplin ME, Buscombe JR, Hilson AJ, et al. Carcinoid tumour. Lancet. 1998;352:799–805. doi: 10.1016/S0140–6736(98)02286–7

108. Ramage JK, Ahmed A, Ardill J, et al. Guidelines for the management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (including carcinoid) tumours (NETs). Gut. 2012;61:6– 32. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011–300831

109. Kuznetsov V. I. Clinical pharmacology. Textbook 2- edition revised and added. 2015 (In Russ.)

110. Guyatt G., Oxman AD, Aki EA, et al. Grade guedelines:1. Introduction –GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2011; 64: 383–94 doi: 10/1016/j.jclinepi.2010.0 4.026

111. Pan A, Liu L, Wang C, et al. Association of public health interventions with the epidemiology of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020 doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6130

112. Ong J, Young BE, Ong S. COVID-19 in gastroenterology: a clinical perspective. Gut. 2020;69:1144–1145. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020–321051

113. Tian Y, Rong L, Nian W, et al. Review article: gastrointestinal features in COVID-19 and the possibility of faecal transmission. Aliment Pharmacol Th er. 2020;51:843–851.

114. D’Amico F, Baumgart DC, Danese S, et al. Diarrhea during COVID-19 infection: pathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention and management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020.

115. Wang J, Li F, Wei H, et al. Respiratory influenza virus infection induces intestinal immune injury via microbiotamediated Th 17 cell-dependent inflammation. J Exp Med. 2014;211:2397–2410.

116. Bingula R, Filaire M, Radosevic- Robin N, et al. Desired turbulence? Gut-lung axis, immunity, and lung cancer. J Oncol. 2017;2017:5035371.

117. Samuelson DR, Welsh DA, Shellito JE. Regulation of lung immunity and host defense by the intestinal microbiota. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:1085.

118. Huffnagle GB. The microbiota and allergies/asthma. PLoS Pathog. 2010 May 27;6(5): e1000549. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000549. PMID: 20523892; PMCID: PMC2877736.

119. Enaud R, Prevel R, Ciarlo E, et al. The gut-lung axis in health and respiratory diseases: a place for interorgan and inter- kingdom crosstalks. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:9.

120. Madan JC, Koestle DC, Stanton BA, et al. Serial analysis of the gut and respiratory microbiome in cystic fibrosis in infancy: interaction between intestinal and respiratory tracts and impact of nutritional exposures. MBio. 2012;3.

121. Huang Y, Mao K, Chen X, et al. S1P-dependent interorgan trafficking of group 2 innate lymphoid cells supports host defense. Science. 2018;359:114–119.

122. Trompette A, Gollwitzer ES, Yadava K, et al. Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis. Nat Med. 2014;20:159–166.

123. McAleer JP, Kolls JK. Contributions of the intestinal microbiome in lung immunity. Eur J Immunol. 2018;48:39–49.

124. Gao QY, Chen YX, Fang JY. 2019 Novel coronavirus infection and gastrointestinal tract. J Dig Dis. 2020;21:125–126.

125. Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA. 2020.

126. Xing YH, Ni W, Wu Q, et al. Prolonged viral shedding in feces of pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020.

127. Xu Y, Li X, Zhu B, et al. Characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential evidence for persistent fecal viral shedding. Nat Med. 2020;26:502–505.

128. Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020:1–5.

129. Gu J, Han B, Wang J. COVID-19: Gastrointestinal Manifestations and Potential Fecal- Oral Transmission. Gastroenterology. 2020 May;158(6):1518–1519. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.054. Epub 2020 Mar 3. PMID: 32142785; PMCID: PMC7130192.

130. Hashimoto T, Perlot T, Rehman A, et al. ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation. Nature. 2012;487:477–481.

131. Verdecchia P, Cavallini C, Spanevello A, Angeli F. Th e pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:14–20. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2020.04.037

132. Effenberger M, Grabherr F, Mayr L, et al. Faecal calprotectin indicates intestinal inflammation in COVID-19. Gut. 2020. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020–321388

133. Litao G, Jingjing S, Yu L, Lei Z, Xiaona H, Zhijing Z. Risk Factors for Antibiotic- Associated Diarrhea in Critically Ill Patients. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:5000–5007.

134. Norsa L, Indriolo A, Sansotta N, Cosimo P, Greco S, D’Antiga L. Uneventful Course in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Outbreak in Northern Italy. Gastroenterology. 2020 Jul;159(1):371– 372. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.062. Epub 2020 Apr 2. PMID: 32247695; PMCID: PMC7270273.

135. An P, Ji M, Ren H, et al. Protection of 318 inflammatory bowel disease patients from the outbreak and rapid spread of COVID-19 infection in Wuhan, China. SSRN Electron J. 2020.

136. Brenner EJ, Ungaro RC, Gearry RB, et al. Corticosteroids, but not TNF antagonists, are associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes in patients with infl ammatory bowel diseases: results from an international registry. Gastroenterology. 2020. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.032

137. Ni YN, Chen G, Sun J, et al. The effect of corticosteroids on mortality of patients with infl uenza pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2019;23:99.

138. Lee N, Allen Chan KC, Hui DS, et al. Effects of early corticosteroid treatment on plasma SARS-associated coronavirus RNA concentrations in adult patients. J Clin Virol. 2004;31:304–309.

139. Arabi YM, Mandourah Y, Al- Hameed F, et al.; Saudi Critical Care Trial Group Corticosteroid therapy for critically ill patients with middle east respiratory syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197:757–767.

140. Yang Z, Liu J, Zhou Y, et al. The effect of corticosteroid treatment on patients with coronavirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020.

141. Rubin DT, Abreu MT, Rai V, et al. Management of patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis during the COVID-19 pandemic: results of an International Meeting. Gastroenterology. 2020.

142. O’Connor A, Qasim A, O’Moráin CA. The long-term risk of continuous immunosuppression using thioguanides in inflammatory bowel disease. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2010;1:7–16.

143. Bonovas S, Fiorino G, Allocca M, et al. Biologic therapies and risk of infection and malignancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:1385–1397.e10.

144. Mehta AK, Gracias DT, Croft M. TNF activity and T cells. Cytokine. 2018;101:14–18.

145. Tursi A, Angarano G, Monno L, et al. COVID-19 infection in Crohn’s disease under treatment with adalimumab. Gut. 2020;69:1364–1365.

146. Anon. Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR) – Th e World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registered Organization Registered Platform http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=49889. Accessed May 9, 2020.

147. Sneller MC, Clarridge KE, Seamon C, et al. An open-label phase 1 clinical trial of the anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody vedolizumab in HIV-infected individuals Sci Transl Med. 2019;11.

148. Sandborn WJ, Ghosh S, Panes J, et al.; Study A3921063 Investigators Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in active ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:616–624.

149. Wu D, Yang XO. TH17 responses in cytokine storm of COVID-19: an emerging target of JAK2 inhibitor fedratinib. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53:368–370.

150. Mao R, Liang J, Shen J, et al.; Chinese Society of IBD, Chinese Elite IBD Union; Chinese IBD Quality Care Evaluation Center Committee Implications of COVID-19 for patients with pre-existing digestive diseases. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5:425–427.

151. Ianiro G, Maida M, Burisch J, et al. Efficacy of different faecal microbiota transplantation protocols for Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. United European Gastroenterol J. 2018;6: 1232–1244.

152. Ianiro G, Murri R, Sciumè GD, et al. Incidence of bloodstream infections, length of hospital stay, and survival in patients with recurrent clostridioides difficile infection treated with fecal microbiota transplantation or antibiotics: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171:695–702.

153. Surawicz CM, Brandt LJ, Binion DG, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:478–98; quiz 499.

154. Khanna S, Pardi DS, Aronson SL, et al. Th e epidemiology of community- acquired Clostridium difficile infection: a population- based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:89–95.

155. Tian CF, Su BY, Li YJ, Tong YH, Zhao XH, Liang JY, Li SB, Gao BL. Management of antibiotic- associated pseudomembranous colitis in Non-hospitalized and hospitalized patients. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29:1805–1810.

156. Zhang Y, Sun J, Zhang J, Liu Y, Guo L. Enzyme Inhibitor Antibiotics and Antibiotic- Associated Diarrhea in Critically Ill Patients. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:8781–8788.

157. Bartlett JG. Clinical practice. Antibiotic- associated diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:334–339.

158. Blaabjerg S, Artzi DM, Aabenhus R. Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic- Associated Diarrhea in Outpatients- A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel). 2017;6:21.

159. Högenauer C, Hammer HF, Krejs GJ, Reisinger EC. Mechanisms and management of antibiotic- associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:702–710.

160. D’Souza AL, Rajkumar C, Cooke J, Bulpitt CJ. Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2002;324:1361.

161. Issa I, Moucari R. Probiotics for antibiotic- associated diarrhea: do we have a verdict? World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:17788–17795.

162. Ruiter- Ligeti J, Vincent S, Czuzoj- Shulman N, Abenhaim HA. Risk Factors, Incidence, and Morbidity Associated With Obstetric Clostridium difficile Infection. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131:387–391.

163. McFarland LV, Ozen M, Dinleyici EC, Goh S. Comparison of pediatric and adult antibiotic- associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infections. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:3078–3104.

164. McFarland LV. Antibiotic- associated diarrhea: epidemiology, trends and treatment. Future Microbiol. 2008;3:563–578.

165. Hong Zhou, Qiang Xu, Yu Liu, and Li- Tao Guo. Risk factors, incidence, and morbidity associated with antibiotic- associated diarrhea in intensive care unit patients receiving antibiotic monotherapy. World J Clin Cases. 2020 May 26; 8(10): 1908–1915. Published online 2020 May 26. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i10.1908

166. Puri BK, Hakkarainen- Smith JS, Monro JA. Th e potential use of cholestyramine to reduce the risk of developing Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhoea in patients receiving long-term intravenous ceft riaxone. Med Hypotheses. 2015;84:78–80.

167. Videlock EJ, Cremonini F. Meta-analysis: probiotics in antibiotic- associated diarrhoea. Aliment PharmacolTh er. 2012;35:1355–1369.

168. Shen NT, Maw A, Tmanova LL, Pino A, Ancy K, Crawford CV, Simon MS, Evans AT. Timely Use of Probiotics in Hospitalized Adults Prevents Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review With MetaRegression Analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017;152:1889– 1900.e9.

169. Evans CT, Safdar N. Current Trends in the Epidemiology and Outcomes of Clostridium difficile Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60 Suppl 2: S66–S71.

170. Huang H, Wu S, Wang M, Zhang Y, Fang H, Palmgren AC, Weintraub A, Nord CE. Molecular and clinical characteristics of Clostridium difficile infection in a University Hospital in Shanghai, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:1606–1608.

171. Xie C, Li J, Wang K, Li Q, Chen D. Probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic- associated diarrhoea in older patients: a systematic review. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2015;13:128–134.

172. Ma H, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Liu Y, He Y, Guo L. Combined administration of antibiotics increases the incidence of antibiotic- associated diarrhea in critically ill patients. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:1047–1054.

173. Howell MD, Novack V, Grgurich P, Soulliard D, Novack L, Pencina M, Talmor D. Iatrogenic gastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:784–790.

174. McFarland LV. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2006;101:812–822. doi: 10.1111/j.1572–0241.2006.00465.x

175. McFarland LV. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients. World J. Gastroenterol. 2010;16:2202–2222. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i18.2202

176. Post- COVID-19 global health strategies: the need for an interdisciplinary approach. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020 Jun 11: 1–8. doi: 10.1007/s40520–020–01616-x

177. O’Donnell LJ, Virjee J, Heaton KW. Detection of pseudodiarrhoea by simple clinical assessment of intestinal transit rate. BMJ. 1990 Feb 17;300(6722):439–40. doi: 10.1136/bmj.300.6722.439. PMID: 2107897; PMCID: PMC1662249

178. Thompson WG. Diarrhea. In: First Principles of Gastroenterology. Ed By Thompson А, Shaffer Е. Canadian Associaciation of Gastroenterology 1997. р 21–4.

179. Cooper BT. Diarrhoea as a symptom. Clin Gastroenterol. 1985 Jul;14(3):599–613. PMID: 4064356

180. Schiller LR, Pardi DS, Sellin JH. Chronic Diarrhea: Diagnosis and Management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Feb;15(2):182–193.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.07.028. Epub 2016 Aug 2. PMID: 27496381

181. Lewis SJ, Heaton KW. Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time. ScandJGastroenterol. 1997 Sep;32(9):920–4. doi: 10.3109/00365529709011203. PMID: 9299672

182. Scaldaferri F, Pizzoferrato M, Pecere S, Forte F, Gasbarrini A. Bacterial flora as a cause or treatment of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2012 Sep;41(3):581–602. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2012.06.002.

183. Belousova E. A., Nikitina N. V. Diarrhea: a correct algorithm of doctor’s actions. Meditsinskiysovet = Medical Council. 2017;(15):130–139. (In Russ.) doi:10.21518/2079–701X-2017–15–130–139

184. Nikonov E. L. Application of fecal tests in colorectal cancer screening programs, Doktor.Ru. 2018; 3 (147): 16–22.

185. Young C. P., Symonds E. L., Allison J. E., Cole S. R., Eraser C. G., Halloian S. P. et al. Advances in fecal occult blood tests: the FIT revolution. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2015; 60(3): 609–22.

186. Rex D. K., Boland C. R., Dominitz J. A., Giardiello F. M., Johnson D. A., Kaltenbach T. Colorectal Cancer Screening: Recommendations for Physicians and Patients from the U. S. MultiSociety Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2017; 112(7): 1016–30.

187. Brenner H., Tao S. Superior diagnostic performance of faecal immunochemical tests for haemoglobin in a headtohead comparison with guaiac based faecal occult blood test among 2235 participants of screening colonoscopy. Eur. J. Cancer. 2013; 49(14): 3049–54.

188. Fernández- Bañares F, Accarino A, Balboa A, Domè nech E, Esteve M, Garcia- Planella E, Guardiola J, Molero X, Rodríguez- Luna A, Ruiz- Cerulla A, Santos J, Vaquero E. Diarreacrónica: defi nición, clasifi cación y diagnóstico [Chronic diarrhoea: Definition, classification and diagnosis]. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Oct;39(8):535–59. Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2015.09.018. Epub 2015 Nov 21. PMID: 26610769.

189. Sciarretta G, Vicini G, Fagioli G, Verri A, Ginevra A, Malaguti P. Use of 23-selena-25-homocholyltaurine to detect bile acid malabsorption in patients with illeal dysfunction or diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 1986;91:1–9.

190. Boyd G. S., Merrick M. V., Monks R., Thomas I. L. (1981) Se-75-labeled bile acid analogs, new radiopharmaceuticals for investigating the enterohepatic circulatio? J Nucl Med 22: 720–725

191. Van Tilburg A. J., de Rooij F. W., van den Berg J. W., van Blankenstein M. (1991) Primary bile acid diarrhoea without an ileal carrier defect: quantifi cation of active bile acid transport across the ileal brush border membran? Gut. 32: 500–503.

192. Fani B, Bertani L, Paglianiti I, Fantechi L, De Bortoli N, Costa F, Volterrani D, Marchi S, Bellini M. Pros and Cons of the SeHCAT Test in Bile Acid Diarrhea: A More Appropriate Use of an Old Nuclear Medicine Technique. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2018 Nov 26;2018:2097359. doi: 10.1155/2018/2097359. PMID: 30598661; PMCID: PMC6287164.

193. Mottacki N, Simrén M, Bajor A. Review article: bile acid diarrhoea – pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Aliment PharmacolTher. 2016 Apr;43(8):884–898. doi: 10.1111/apt.13570. Epub 2016 Feb 24. PMID: 26913381.

194. Mottacki N, Simrén M, Bajor A. Review article: bile acid diarrhoea – pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Aliment PharmacolTher. 2016 Apr;43(8):884–898. doi: 10.1111/apt.13570. Epub 2016 Feb 24. PMID: 26913381.

195. Vijayvargiya P, Camilleri M, Shin A, et al. Methods for diagnosis of bile acid malabsorption in clinical practice. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013; 11: 1232–9,

196. Triantafyllou K., Pimentel M. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth. In: Lacy B., Crowell M., Di Baise J. (eds) Functional and Motility Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Springer, New York, NY., 2015: 125–126. Doi: 10.1007/978–1–4939–1498–2_11.

197. Oxentenko A. S., Pardi D. S. (2015) Chronic Diarrhea. In: Lacy B., Crowell M., DiBaise J. (eds) Functional and Motility Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Springer, New York, NY., 2015:229–2337. Doi: 10.1007/978–1–4939–1498–2_18

198. Campana D, Nori F, Piscitelli L et al. Chromogranin A: is it a useful marker of neuroendocrine tumors? J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 967–73.

199. Banks P, Helle K. The release of protein from the stimulated adrenal medulla. BiochemJ. 1965; 97: 40C-1C.

200. Pregun I, Herszényi L, Juhász M et al. Effect of proton-pump inhibitor therapy on serum chromogranin a level. Digestion. 2011; 84 (1): 22–8. 33.

201. Hsiao RJ, Mezger MS, O’Connor DT. Chromogranin A in uremia: progressive retention of immunoreactive fragments. KidneyInt 1990; 37 (3): 955–64

202. Lacy BE, Mearin F, Chang L, et al. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1393–1407.

203. Ivashkin V. T., Shelygin Yu.A., Baranskaya Y. K., et al. Diagnosis and treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome: clinical guidelines of the Russian gastroenterological association and Russian association of coloproctology. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2017;27(5):76–93. (In Russ.) doi: 10.22416/1382–4376–2017–27–5–76–93

204. Akehurst RL, Brazier JE, Mathers N, et al. Health- related quality of life and cost impact of irritable bowel syndrome in a UK primary care setting. Pharmacoeconomics. 2002;20(7):455–462.

205. Mikocka- Walus A, Turnbull D, Moulding N, Wilson I, Andrews JM, Holtmann G. Psychological comorbidity and complexity of gastrointestinal symptoms in clinically diagnosed irritable bowel syndrome patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:1137–1143.

206. Rodino- Janeiro BK, Vicario M, Alonso- Cotoner C, Pascua- Garcia R, Santos J. A review of microbiota and irritable bowel syndrome: future in therapies. Adv Th er. 2018;35(3):289–310.

207. Fikree A, Byrne P. Management of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Clin Med (Lond). 2021 Jan;21(1):44– 52. doi: 10.7861/clinmed.2020–0980. PMID: 33479067; PMCID: PMC7850201

208. Ford AC, Mahadeva S, Carbone MF, Lacy BE, Talley NJ. Functional dyspepsia. Lancet. 2020;396:1689–1702.

209. Fikree A, Byrne P. Management of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Clin Med (Lond). 2021 Jan;21(1):44– 52. doi: 10.7861/clinmed.2020–0980. PMID: 33479067; PMCID: PMC7850201

210. Sands BE. From symptom to diagnosis: clinical distinctions among various forms of intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1518–1532.

211. Parfeonov A. I., Sabelnikova E. A., Vbykova S., et al. Enteropathy with impaired membrane digestion as nosological form. Medical alphabet. 2019;1(6):37–46. (In Russ.) doi: 10.33667/2078–5631–2019–1–6(381)-37–46 doi: 10.33667/2078–5631–2019–1–6(381)-37–46

212. Parfenov A. I. Enteropathy: a new look at the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the small intestine. effective pharmacotherapy. Gastroenterology. Supp. to the Consilium Medicum journal. 2014, No. 1, 32 P.

213. Vandenplas Y. Lactose intolerance. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2015;24: S9–S13.

214. Rosado JL. Lactose intolerance. Gac Med Mex. 2016;152:67–73.

215. Wilder- Smith CH, Olesen SS, Materna A, Drewes AM. Fermentable sugar ingestion, gas production, and gastrointestinal and central nervous system symptoms in patients with functional disorders. Gastroenterology. 2018;155:1034–44.

216. Hassan HY, van Erp A, Jaeger M, Tahir H, Oosting M, Joosten L, et al. Genetic diversity of lactase persistence in East African population. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:8.

217. Labrie V, Buske OJ, Oh E, Jeremian R, Ptak C, Gasiünas, et al. Lactase non-persistence is directed by DNA variation- dependent epigenetic aging. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2016;23:556–73.

218. Santonocito C, Scapaticci M, Guarino D, Annicchiarico EB, Lisci R, Penitente R, et al. Lactose intolerance genetic testing: is it useful as routine s.creening? Resultson 1426 south–central Italy patients. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;439:14–7.

219. Catanzaro, R., Sciuto, M. & Marotta, F. Lactose Intolerance – Old a nd New K nowledge on Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment. SN Compr. Clin. Med. 3, 499–509 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399–021–00792–9.

220. Catanzaro, R., Sciuto, M. & Marotta, F. Lactose Intolerance–Old and New Knowledge on Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment. SN Compr. Clin. Med. 3, 499–509 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399–021–00792–9.

221. Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, et al. The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut. 2013 Jan;62(1):43–52. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011–301346. Epub 2012 Feb 16. PMID: 22345659; PMCID: PMC3440559

222. Serena G, Lima R, Fasano A. Genetic and environmental contributors for celiac disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. (2019) 19:40. Doi: 10.1007/s11882–019–0871–5

223. Schuppan D, Junker Y, Barisani D. Celiac disease: from pathogenesis to novel therapies. Gastroenterology. 2009; 137:1912–33. Doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.00

224. Wieser H, Koehler P, Scherf KA. The Two Faces of Wheat. Front Nutr. 2020;7:517313. Published 2020 Oct 21. doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.517313

225. Green PH, Krishnareddy S, Lebwohl B. Clinical manifestations of celiac disease. DigDis. 2015;33:137–40. 10.1159

226. Leffl er DA, Green PH, Fasano A. Extraintestinal manifestations of coeliac disease. NatRev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12:561–71. Doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.131

227. Wieser H, Koehler P, Scherf KA. The Two Faces of Wheat. Front Nutr. 2020;7:517313. Published 2020 Oct 21. doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.517313.

228. Al- Toma A., Volta U., Auricchio R., et al. European society for the study of coeliac disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten- related disorders. UnitedEur. Gastroenterol. J. 2019;7:583–613. doi: 10.1177/2050640619844125

229. Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JA, Biagi F, Fasano A, Green PHR, et al. The oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut. 2013;62:43–52. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011–301346

230. Silvester J. A., Kurada S., Szwajcer A., Kelly C. P., Leffler D. A., Duerksen D. R. Tests for Serum Transglutaminase and Endomysial Antibodies Do Not Detect Most Patients With Celiac Disease and Persistent Villous Atrophy on Gluten-free Diets: A Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017;153:689–701.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.015

231. Sicherer SH, Munoz- Furlong A, Sampson HA. Prevalence of seafood allergy in the United States determined by a random telephone survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(1):159–165.

232. Bird JA et al (2016) Conducting an oral food challenge to peanut in an infant. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 5:301–311.e1.

233. Fu L., Cherayil B. J., Shi H., Wang Y., Zhu Y. (2019) Overview of the Immunology of Food Allergy. In: Food Allergy. Springer, Singapore. Doi: 10.1007/978–981–13–6928–5_1

234. Bakulin I. G., et al. Inflammatory bowel diseases. Pocket guidelines for physicians on the management of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Moscow – St. Petersburg, 2018, 80 p.

235. Miehlke S, Verhaegh B, Tontini GE, Madisch A, Langner C, Münch A. Microscopic colitis: pathophysiology and clinical management. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Apr;4(4):305–314. doi: 10.1016/S2468–1253(19)30048–2

236. Miehlke S, Guagnozzi D, Zabana Y, et al. European guidelines on microscopic colitis: United European Gastroenterolog y and European Microscopic Colitis Group statements and recommendations. United European Gastroenterol J. 2021 Feb 22. doi: 10.1177/2050640620951905

237. Münch A, Aust D, Bohr J, et al.; European Microscopic Colitis Group (EMCG). Microscopic colitis: Current status, present and future challenges: statements of the European Microscopic Colitis Group. J Crohns Colitis. 2012 Oct;6(9):932–45. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.05.014

238. Miehlke S, Guagnozzi D, Zabana Y, et al.; European guidelines on microscopic colitis: United European Gastroenterolog y and European Microscopic Colitis Group statements and recommendations. United European Gastroenterol J. 2021 Feb 22. doi: 10.1177/2050640620951905

239. Miehlke S, Verhaegh B, Tontini GE, Madisch A, Langner C, Münch A. Microscopic colitis: pathophysiology and clinical management. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Apr;4(4):305–314. doi: 10.1016/S2468–1253(19)30048–2

240. Vigren L, Olesen M, Benoni C, Sjöberg K. An epidemiological study of collagenous colitis in southern Sweden from 2001–2010. World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Jun 14;18(22):2821–6. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i22.2821

241. McCarthy AJ, Sheahan K. Classification of eosinophilic disorders of the small and large intestine. Virchows Arch. 2018 Jan;472(1):15–28. doi: 10.1007/s00428–017–2249–1

242. Walker MM, Potter MD, Talley NJ. Eosinophilic colitis and colonic eosinophilia. CurrOpin Gastroenterol. 2019 Jan;35(1):42–50. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000492

243. Bachman M., Lamps L . W. Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract. In: Wang H. L., Chen Z. E. (eds) Practical Gastrointestinal Pathology. Practical Anatomic Pathology. Springer, Cham., 2021: 223–265. Doi: 10.1007/978–3–030–51268–2_10

244. Surawicz CM, Brandt LJ, Binion DG, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of clostridium difficile infections. AmJGastroenterol. 2013;108:478–98; quiz 499.

245. Skazyvaeva E. V., Skalinskaya M. I., Bakulin I. G., Zhuravleva M. S., Demyanova E. V., Sitkin S. I. Update of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA): A Brief Overview of Key Points, Criticisms and Future Trends. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2019;(5):3–14. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.31146/1682–8658-ecg-165–5–3–14

246. Capurso G, Traini M, Piciucchi M, Signoretti M, Arcidiacono PG. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: prevalence, diagnosis, and management. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2019;12:129–139. Published 2019 Mar 21. Doi:10.2147/CEG.S168266

247. Binefa G, Rodríguez- Moranta F, Teule A, Medina- Hayas M. Colorectal cancer: from prevention to personalized medicine. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(22):6786– 6808. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i22.6786

248. Brenner H, Kloor M, Pox CP. Colorectal cancer. Lancet. 2014 Apr 26;383(9927):1490–1502. doi: 10.1016/S0140– 6736(13)61649–9. Epub 2013 Nov 11. PMID: 24225001

249. Navarro M, Nicolas A, Ferrandez A, Lanas A. Colorectal cancer population screening programs worldwide in 2016: An update. World J Gastroenterol. 2017 May 28;23(20):3632–3642. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i20.3632. PMID: 28611516; PMCID: PMC5449420.

250. Kinsella TJ, Bloomer WD. Tolerance of the intestine to radiation therapy. SurgGynecolObstet. 1980;151:273–284

251. Kopelman Y, Groissman G, Fireman Z. Radiation enteritis diagnosed by capsule endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66:599.

252. Grodsky MB, Sidani SM. Radiation proctopathy. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2015;28(2):103–11.

253. Krishna M. Non-infl ammatory Bowel Disease Colitis. In: Zhang L., Chandan V., Wu TT. (eds) Surgical Pathology of Non-neoplastic Gastrointestinal Diseases. Springer, Cham., 2019: 425–444 doi:10.1007/978–3–030–15573–5_16

254. Greenson JK. Th e biopsy pathology of non-coeliac enteropathy. Histopathology. 2015;66(1):29–36

255. Pilarski R, Burt R, Kohlman W, Pho L, Shannon KM, Swisher E. Cowden syndrome and the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome: systematic review and revised diagnostic criteria. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(21):1607–16.

256. Yantiss R., Johncilla M. (2021) Malabsorption Disorders. In: Wang H. L., Chen Z. E. (eds) Practical Gastrointestinal Pathology. Practical Anatomic Pathology. Springer. Cham. doi: 10.1007/978–3–030–51268

257. Kobayashi I, Imamura K, Kubota M, Ishikawa S, Yamada M, Tonoki H, et al. Identification of an autoimmune enteropathy- related 75-kilodalton antigen. Gastroenterology. 1999;117(4):823–30.

258. Akram S, Murray JA, Pardi DS, et al. Adult autoimmune enteropathy: Mayo Clinic Rochester experience. ClinGastroenterolHepatol. 2007;5:1282–90.

259. Masia R, Peyton S, Lauwers GY, Brown I. Gastrointestinal biopsy findings of autoimmune enteropathy: a review of 25 cases. AmJSurgPathol. 2014;38(10):1319–29.

260. Mannan R., Waters K. M., Montgomery E. (2021) DrugInduced Gastrointestinal Tract Injury. In: Wang H. L., Chen Z. E. (eds) Practical Gastrointestinal Pathology. Practical Anatomic Pathology. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978–3–030–51268–2_11

261. Paterno F, Longo WE. Th e etiology and pathogenesis of vascular disorders of the intestine. Radiol Clin North Am. 2008; 46(5):877–885, v.

262. Steele SR. Ischemic colitis complicating major vascular surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2007; 87(5):1099–1114.

263. Seetharam P, Rodrigues G. Short Bowel Syndrome: A Review of Management Options. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2011;17:229–235.

264. Kumpf VJ. Pharmacologic management of diarrhea in patients with short bowel syndrome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2014;38(suppl 1):38S-44S.

265. Pusceddu S, Rossi RE, Torchio M, et al. Differential Diagnosis and Management of Diarrhea in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Clin Med. 2020;9(8):2468. Published 2020 Aug 1. doi:10.3390/jcm9082468

266. Ardatskaya MD, Bel’mer SV, Dobritsa VP, et al. [colon dysbacteriosis (dysbiosis): modern state of the problem, comprehensive diagnosis and treatment correction]. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol. 2015;(5):13–50. Russian. PMID: 26387170.

267. Sitkin S. I. Topical corticosteroids in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Farmateka. 2008;13 (167): 84–89

268. Pokrotnieks J, Sitkin S. A proposed treatment algorithm for mild to moderate ulcerative colitis–with an emphasis on budesonide foam and mucosal healing. J Gastroenterol. 2018 Jun;53(6):799–800. doi: 10.1007/s00535–018–1458-y

269. Mendo- Lopez R., Yoosuf S., Leffler D. (2021) Gluten Challenge in Gluten- Associated Disorders. In: Weiss G. A. (eds) Diagnosis and Management of GlutenAssociated Disorders. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978–3–030–56722–4_6

270. Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X, Liu Y, Li X, Shan H. Evidence for Gastrointestinal Infection of SARSCoV-2. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1831–1833.e3. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055


Review

For citations:


Lazebnik L.B., Sarsenbaeva A.S., Avalueva E.B., Oreshko L.S., Sitkin S.I., Golovanova E.V., Turkina S.V., Khlynova O.V., Sagalova O.I., Mironchev O.V. Clinical guidelines “Chronic diarrhea in adults”. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2021;(4):7-67. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-188-4-7-67

Views: 4834


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 1682-8658 (Print)