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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-8658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Global Media Technologies»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-241-9-123-132</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nogr-3452</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные представления о патогенезе гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Current Concepts of the Pathogenesis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0724-0352</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фефелова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fefelova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">fefelova.elena@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4405-2975</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жилина</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhilina</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-9839</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цвингер</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsvinger</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-0365</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бусалаева</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Busalaeva</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8736-5851</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазебник</surname><given-names>Л. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazebnik</surname><given-names>L. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Читинская государственная медицинская академия» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chita State Medical Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГАУ ДПО «Институт усовершенствования врачей» Минздрава Чувашии, Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Чувашский государственный университет имени И.Н. Ульянова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute for Advanced Medical Studies, Chuvash State University n. b. I.N. Ulyanov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет медицины» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian University of Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>123</fpage><lpage>132</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Фефелова Е.В., Жилина А.А., Цвингер С.М., Бусалаева Е.И., Лазебник Л.Б., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фефелова Е.В., Жилина А.А., Цвингер С.М., Бусалаева Е.И., Лазебник Л.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fefelova E.V., Zhilina A.A., Tsvinger S.M., Busalaeva E.I., Lazebnik L.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/3452">https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/3452</self-uri><abstract><p>В основе развития гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни лежит нарушение моторики гастроэзофагеальной зоны и появление воспалительных изменений в слизистой оболочке дистального отдела пищевода. Целью нашего обзора явилось предоставление обсуждения механизмов, приводящих к ее развитию. Проведен литературный поиск публикаций в базах данных eLibrary.Ru, PubMed. Рассматривались и рецензировались статьи, и опубликованные после 2000 года. После применения критериев отбора в окончательный список литературы было включено 80 статей. Считалось, что рефлюкс-эзофагит начинается, когда рефлюксная кислота и пепсин повреждают эпителий пищевода, повышая его проницаемость, что позволяет соляной кислоте и пепсину проникать вглубь эпителиального покрова и атаковать интактные клетки. Показано, что механизмы повреждения эпителия пищевода, вызванные кислотным и желчным рефлюксом разные. Так, кислотный рефлюкс вызывает повреждение тканей путем денатурации белков, разрушения их протеазами, активации циклооксигеназы-2 (ЦОГ-2), c-myc и митоген-активируемой протеинкиназы, ограничивает скорость синтеза простагландинов. Воздействие желчных кислот обуславливает цитотоксические механизмы, активацию протоонкогена и c-myc, способствующих эпигеномному механизму канцерогенеза. Изменение микробиома пищевода индуцирует активацию врожденного и адаптивного звена иммунной системы, а также сенсорной нервной системы. Иммунокомпетентные клетки экспрессируют рецепторы для многочисленных трансмиттеров, высвобождаемых из сенсорных и вегетативных нервов, что позволяет нервной системе напрямую регулировать функциональную активность иммунной системы. Клетки иммунной системы также могут вырабатывать нейротрансмиттеры и регулировать в свою очередь работу нервной системы, в том числе и клеток пейсмекеров, приводя к развитию рефлюкса, воздействию на слизистую пищевода или соляной кислоты с пепсином, или желчных кислот, вызывающих воспаление и замыкающих порочный круг.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is characterized by impaired motility at the gastroesophageal junction and the development of inflammatory changes in the mucosa of the distal esophagus. The aim of this review is to discuss the mechanisms contributing to the development of GERD. A literature search was conducted using the eLibrary.Ru and PubMed databases, focusing on articles published after 2000. Following the application of selection criteria, a total of 80 articles were included in the final literature review. Current understanding suggests that reflux esophagitis begins with damage to the esophageal epithelium caused by the reflux of acid and pepsin, leading to increased epithelial permeability. This allows hydrochloric acid and pepsin to penetrate deeper into the epithelial layer, attacking intact cells. Research indicates that the mechanisms of epithelial damage in the esophagus induced by acidic and bile reflux differ. Acid reflux causes tissue damage through protein denaturation, degradation by proteases, activation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), c-myc, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, while simultaneously limiting prostaglandin synthesis. In contrast, bile acids induce cytotoxic mechanisms, activating oncogenes and c-myc, which contribute to epigenetic carcinogenic processes. Alterations in the esophageal microbiome trigger the activation of both innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as the sensory nervous system. Immune competent cells express receptors for numerous mediators released by sensory and autonomic nerves, enabling the nervous system to directly regulate the functional activity of the immune system. Conversely, immune cells can produce neuroactive substances and modulate nervous system functions, including pacemaker cells, leading to the development of reflux and exposing the esophageal mucosa to hydrochloric acid and pepsin or bile acids, resulting in inflammation and creating a vicious cycle.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>патогенез гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни</kwd><kwd>соляная кислота</kwd><kwd>желчные кислоты</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>микробиом</kwd><kwd>иммунная система</kwd><kwd>сенсорная нервная система</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease</kwd><kwd>hydrochloric acid</kwd><kwd>bile acids</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>microbiome</kwd><kwd>immune system</kwd><kwd>sensory nervous system</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iwakiri K., Fujiwara Y., Manabe N. et al. 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