nogrЭкспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерологияExperimental and Clinical Gastroenterology1682-8658«Global Media Technologies»10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-240-8-149-155nogr-3430Research ArticleОБЗОРREVIEWКлинико-патогенетические взаимосвязи между состоянием кишечной микробиоты и неврологическими расстройствамиClinical and pathogenetic relationships between the state of the intestinal microbiota and neurological disordershttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7603-8481АхмедовВ. А.AkhmedovV. A.v_akhmedov@mail.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Омский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияOmsk State Medical UniversityRussian Federation20250208202608149155Copyright © Ахмедов В.А., 20262026Ахмедов В.А.Akhmedov V.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/3430

В обзорной статье представлена информация о механизмах функционирования оси «кишечно - мозговая микробиота», которая поддерживает двунаправленную связь. Отмечены факторы, влияющие на эту ось, в частности диета, физическая активность и прием пре- и пробиотических добавок. Представлены результаты исследований влияния изменений в микробиоте на течение нейродегенеративных заболеваний, подтверждающие, что возникновение и прогрессирование нейродегенеративных заболеваний частично регулируется кишечной микробиотой. Представлены результаты исследований на животных и людях при болезни Альцгеймера, болезни Паркинсона, рассеянном склерозе и боковом амиотрофическом склерозе, свидетельствующие об изменении состава кишечной микробиоты и ее метаболитов. Рассмотрены меры по улучшению состояния микробиоты с использованием трансплантации фекальной микробиоты и психобиотиков, представленных в качестве потенциальных терапевтических средств при болезни Альцгеймера, болезни Паркинсона, рассеянном склерозе, боковом амиотрофическом склерозе, депрессии и расстройствах аутистического спектра.

The review article provides information on the mechanisms of functioning of the "gut-brain microbiota" axis, which supports bidirectional communication. The factors influencing this axis are noted, in particular diet, physical activity, and the administration of pre- and probiotic supplements. The results of studies on the effect of changes in the microbiota on the course of neurodegenerative diseases are presented, confirming that the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases are partially regulated by the intestinal microbiota. The results of both animal and human studies in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are presented, showing an altered composition of the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites. Measures to improve the state of the microbiota using transplantation of fecal microbiota and psychobiotics, presented as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, depression and autism spectrum disorders, are considered.

микробиотанейродегенеративные заболеванияпсихобиотикиметаболитыmicrobiotaneurodegenerative diseasespsychobioticsmetabolitesReferencesTanaka M, Vécsei L.From Microbial Switches to Metabolic Sensors: Rewiring the Gut-Brain Kynurenine Circuit. Biomedicines. 2025;13(8):2020. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13082020.Tanaka M, Vécsei L.From Microbial Switches to Metabolic Sensors: Rewiring the Gut-Brain Kynurenine Circuit. Biomedicines. 2025;13(8):2020. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13082020.Huang W, Chai Y, Li X. et al. Metagenomics and metabolomics to evaluate the potential role of gut microbiota and blood metabolites in patients with cerebral infarction. BMC Microbiol. 2025;25(1):567. doi: 10.1186/s12866-025-04259-y.Huang W, Chai Y, Li X. et al. Metagenomics and metabolomics to evaluate the potential role of gut microbiota and blood metabolites in patients with cerebral infarction. BMC Microbiol. 2025;25(1):567. doi: 10.1186/s12866-025-04259-y.Volpedo G, Riva A, Nobili L. et al. Gut-immune-brain interactions during neurodevelopment: from a brain-centric to a multisystem perspective. BMC Med. 2025;23(1):263. doi: 10.1186/s12916-025-04093-z.Volpedo G, Riva A, Nobili L. et al. Gut-immune-brain interactions during neurodevelopment: from a brain-centric to a multisystem perspective. BMC Med. 2025;23(1):263. doi: 10.1186/s12916-025-04093-z.Cruciani C, Mathé C, Puthenparampil M. et al. Anti-Akkermansia muciniphila IgG Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Linked to CSF Immune Cells and Disease Activity. J Clin Med. 2025;14(16):5771. doi: 10.3390/jcm14165771.Cruciani C, Mathé C, Puthenparampil M. et al. Anti-Akkermansia muciniphila IgG Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Linked to CSF Immune Cells and Disease Activity. J Clin Med. 2025;14(16):5771. doi: 10.3390/jcm14165771.Cruciani C, Mathé C, Puthenparampil M. et al.Intrathecal Anti-Akkermansia muciniphila IgG Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Linked to CSF Immune Cells and Disease Activity. J Clin Med. 2025;14(16):5771. doi: 10.3390/jcm14165771.Cruciani C, Mathé C, Puthenparampil M. et al.Intrathecal Anti-Akkermansia muciniphila IgG Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Linked to CSF Immune Cells and Disease Activity. J Clin Med. 2025;14(16):5771. doi: 10.3390/jcm14165771.Di L, Huang P, He Y. et al. Gut dysbiosis is associated with increased blood-brain barrier permeability and cognitive impairment in elderlies with coronary heart disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2025;17:1640761. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1640761.Di L, Huang P, He Y. et al. Gut dysbiosis is associated with increased blood-brain barrier permeability and cognitive impairment in elderlies with coronary heart disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2025;17:1640761. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1640761.Shaikh RG, Dey A, Singh VP. et al. Understanding the Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2025;17(1): e78100. doi: 10.7759/cureus.78100.Shaikh RG, Dey A, Singh VP. et al. Understanding the Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2025;17(1): e78100. doi: 10.7759/cureus.78100.Teng T, Huang F, Xu M. et al. Microbiota alterations leading to amino acid deficiency contribute to depression in children and adolescents. Microbiome. 2025;13(1):128. doi: 10.1186/s40168-025-02122-w.Teng T, Huang F, Xu M. et al. Microbiota alterations leading to amino acid deficiency contribute to depression in children and adolescents. Microbiome. 2025;13(1):128. doi: 10.1186/s40168-025-02122-w.Ammar T, Abdelhedi F, Keskes LA. et al. Gut Microbiota Composition and Modulation in Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies. Eur J Neurosci. 2025;62(4): e70234. doi: 10.1111/ejn.70234.Ammar T, Abdelhedi F, Keskes LA. et al. Gut Microbiota Composition and Modulation in Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies. Eur J Neurosci. 2025;62(4): e70234. doi: 10.1111/ejn.70234.Shi Y, Wang P, Deng J. et al. Gut microbial metabolite TMAO impairs cognitive function and induces hippocampal synaptic plasticity decline through modulation of GSK-3β activity. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2025;17(1):196. doi: 10.1186/s13195-025-01846-z.Shi Y, Wang P, Deng J. et al. Gut microbial metabolite TMAO impairs cognitive function and induces hippocampal synaptic plasticity decline through modulation of GSK-3β activity. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2025;17(1):196. doi: 10.1186/s13195-025-01846-z.Mo X, Guo S, He D. et al. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17,938 ameliorates LPS-induced depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors by modulating gut microbiota and brain metabolic function. Gut Pathog. 2025;17(1):65. doi: 10.1186/s13099-025-00739-8.Mo X, Guo S, He D. et al. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17,938 ameliorates LPS-induced depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors by modulating gut microbiota and brain metabolic function. Gut Pathog. 2025;17(1):65. doi: 10.1186/s13099-025-00739-8.Xu K, Ren Z, Zhao S. et al. Fecal metabolites as early-phase biomarkers and prediction panel for ischemic stroke. BMC Microbiol. 2025;25(1):525. doi: 10.1186/s12866-025-04217-8.Xu K, Ren Z, Zhao S. et al. Fecal metabolites as early-phase biomarkers and prediction panel for ischemic stroke. BMC Microbiol. 2025;25(1):525. doi: 10.1186/s12866-025-04217-8.Ramadan YN, Alqifari SF, Alshehri K. et al. Microbiome Gut-Brain-Axis: Impact on Brain Development and Mental Health. Mol Neurobiol. 2025;62(8):10813-10833. doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-04846-0.Ramadan YN, Alqifari SF, Alshehri K. et al. Microbiome Gut-Brain-Axis: Impact on Brain Development and Mental Health. Mol Neurobiol. 2025;62(8):10813-10833. doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-04846-0.Du Y, Wang L, Cui Y. et al. Effect of Probiotics Supplementation on REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2025;31(7): e70541. doi: 10.1111/cns.70541.Du Y, Wang L, Cui Y. et al. Effect of Probiotics Supplementation on REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2025;31(7): e70541. doi: 10.1111/cns.70541.Zhang N, Dong X.Causal relationship between gut microbiota, lipids, and neuropsychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization mediation study. J Affect Disord. 2025;379:19-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.091.Zhang N, Dong X.Causal relationship between gut microbiota, lipids, and neuropsychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization mediation study. J Affect Disord. 2025;379:19-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.091.Pace LA, Kong N, Itani MI. et al. The Neuroimmune Axis in Gastrointestinal Disorders - An Underrecognized Problem. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2025;27(1):28. doi: 10.1007/s11894-025-00973-9.Pace LA, Kong N, Itani MI. et al. The Neuroimmune Axis in Gastrointestinal Disorders - An Underrecognized Problem. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2025;27(1):28. doi: 10.1007/s11894-025-00973-9.Caradonna E, Nemni R, Bifone A. et al. The Brain-Gut Axis, an Important Player in Alzheimer and Parkinson Disease: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2024;13(14):4130. doi: 10.3390/jcm13144130.Caradonna E, Nemni R, Bifone A. et al. The Brain-Gut Axis, an Important Player in Alzheimer and Parkinson Disease: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2024;13(14):4130. doi: 10.3390/jcm13144130.Chenghan M, Wanxin L, Bangcheng Z. et al. Short-chain fatty acids mediate gut microbiota-brain communication and protect the blood-brain barrier integrity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2025;1545(1):116-131. doi: 10.1111/nyas.15299.Chenghan M, Wanxin L, Bangcheng Z. et al. Short-chain fatty acids mediate gut microbiota-brain communication and protect the blood-brain barrier integrity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2025;1545(1):116-131. doi: 10.1111/nyas.15299.Wang J, Xue L, Zhang M. et al. Colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation for Mild-to-Moderate Parkinson’s Disease: A randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun. 2025;130:106086. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106086.Wang J, Xue L, Zhang M. et al. Colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation for Mild-to-Moderate Parkinson’s Disease: A randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun. 2025;130:106086. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106086.Otaegui-Chivite A, Gorostidi-Aicua M, Martins-Almeida L. et al. Exploring the mycobiota in multiple sclerosis: its influence on disease development and progression. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1625794. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1625794.Otaegui-Chivite A, Gorostidi-Aicua M, Martins-Almeida L. et al. Exploring the mycobiota in multiple sclerosis: its influence on disease development and progression. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1625794. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1625794.Kang JW, Khatib LA, Heston MB. Et al. Gut microbiome compositional and functional features associate with Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Alzheimers Dement. 2025;21(7): e70417. doi: 10.1002/alz.70417.Kang JW, Khatib LA, Heston MB. Et al. Gut microbiome compositional and functional features associate with Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Alzheimers Dement. 2025;21(7): e70417. doi: 10.1002/alz.70417.Jiang M, Kang L, Wang YL. et al. Mechanisms of microbiota-gut-brain axis communication in anxiety disorders. Front Neurosci. 2024;18:1501134. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1501134.Jiang M, Kang L, Wang YL. et al. Mechanisms of microbiota-gut-brain axis communication in anxiety disorders. Front Neurosci. 2024;18:1501134. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1501134.Villette R, Novikova PV, Laczny CC. et al. Human gut microbiome gene co-expression network reveals a loss in taxonomic and functional diversity in Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2025;11(1):142. doi: 10.1038/s41522-025-00780-0.Villette R, Novikova PV, Laczny CC. et al. Human gut microbiome gene co-expression network reveals a loss in taxonomic and functional diversity in Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2025;11(1):142. doi: 10.1038/s41522-025-00780-0.Derkinderen P, Cossais F, Kulcsárová K. et al. How leaky is the gut in Parkinson’s disease? EBioMedicine. 2025;117:105796. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105796.Derkinderen P, Cossais F, Kulcsárová K. et al. How leaky is the gut in Parkinson’s disease? EBioMedicine. 2025;117:105796. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105796.Menozzi E, Schapira AHV, Borghammer P.The Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson disease: Emerging Concepts and Therapeutic Implications. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2025;12(7):904-916. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.70029.Menozzi E, Schapira AHV, Borghammer P.The Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson disease: Emerging Concepts and Therapeutic Implications. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2025;12(7):904-916. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.70029.Nabil Y, Helal MM, Qutob IA. et al. Efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation in the management of parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. BMC Neurol. 2025;25(1):291. doi: 10.1186/s12883-025-04105-8.Nabil Y, Helal MM, Qutob IA. et al. Efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation in the management of parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. BMC Neurol. 2025;25(1):291. doi: 10.1186/s12883-025-04105-8.Lin SH, Lin RJ, Chu CL. Et al. Associations Between Gut Microbiota Composition and Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease.Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(13):6146. doi: 10.3390/ijms26136146.Lin SH, Lin RJ, Chu CL. Et al. Associations Between Gut Microbiota Composition and Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease.Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(13):6146. doi: 10.3390/ijms26136146.Oliver PJ, Civitelli L, Hu MT. The gut-brain axis in early Parkinson’s disease: from prodrome to prevention. J Neurol. 2025;272(6):413. doi: 10.1007/s00415-025-13138-5.Oliver PJ, Civitelli L, Hu MT. The gut-brain axis in early Parkinson’s disease: from prodrome to prevention. J Neurol. 2025;272(6):413. doi: 10.1007/s00415-025-13138-5.Kachoueiyan F, Kalkhoran NY, Kalkhoran AY. et al. Butyrate: a key mediator of gut-brain communication in Alzheimer’s disease. Metab Brain Dis. 2025;40(5):189. doi: 10.1007/s11011-025-01617-7.Kachoueiyan F, Kalkhoran NY, Kalkhoran AY. et al. Butyrate: a key mediator of gut-brain communication in Alzheimer’s disease. Metab Brain Dis. 2025;40(5):189. doi: 10.1007/s11011-025-01617-7.Fan KC, Lin CC, Chiu YL. et al.Compositional and functional gut microbiota alterations in mild cognitive impairment: links to Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2025;17(1):122. doi: 10.1186/s13195-025-01769-9.Fan KC, Lin CC, Chiu YL. et al.Compositional and functional gut microbiota alterations in mild cognitive impairment: links to Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2025;17(1):122. doi: 10.1186/s13195-025-01769-9.Mukherjee U, Reddy PH.Gut-brain relationship in dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: Impact on stress and immunity. Ageing Res Rev. 2025;111:102843. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2025.102843.Mukherjee U, Reddy PH.Gut-brain relationship in dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: Impact on stress and immunity. Ageing Res Rev. 2025;111:102843. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2025.102843.Träger C, Kaiser M, Freudenstein D. et al. A probiotic approach identifies a Treg-centred immunoregulation via modulation of gut microbiota metabolites in people with multiple sclerosis and healthy individuals. EBioMedicine. 2025;116:105743. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105743.Träger C, Kaiser M, Freudenstein D. et al. A probiotic approach identifies a Treg-centred immunoregulation via modulation of gut microbiota metabolites in people with multiple sclerosis and healthy individuals. EBioMedicine. 2025;116:105743. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105743.Lin Q, Dorsett Y, Mirza A. et al. Meta-analysis identifies common gut microbiota associated with multiple sclerosis. Genome Med. 2024;16(1):94. doi: 10.1186/s13073-024-01364-x.Lin Q, Dorsett Y, Mirza A. et al. Meta-analysis identifies common gut microbiota associated with multiple sclerosis. Genome Med. 2024;16(1):94. doi: 10.1186/s13073-024-01364-x.Kaul M, Mukherjee D, Weiner HL, Cox LM. Gut microbiota immune cross-talk in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics. 2024;21(6): e00469. doi: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00469.Kaul M, Mukherjee D, Weiner HL, Cox LM. Gut microbiota immune cross-talk in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics. 2024;21(6): e00469. doi: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00469.Nabakhteh S, Lotfi A, Afsartaha A. et al. Nutritional Interventions in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: From Ketogenic Diet and Neuroprotective Nutrients to the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Regulation. Mol Neurobiol. 2025;62(7):9216-9239. doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-04830-8.Nabakhteh S, Lotfi A, Afsartaha A. et al. Nutritional Interventions in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: From Ketogenic Diet and Neuroprotective Nutrients to the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Regulation. Mol Neurobiol. 2025;62(7):9216-9239. doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-04830-8.Śliwka A, Polak-Berecka M, Zdybel K.Psychobiotics in Depression: Sources, Metabolites, and Treatment-A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2025;17(13):2139. doi: 10.3390/nu17132139.Śliwka A, Polak-Berecka M, Zdybel K.Psychobiotics in Depression: Sources, Metabolites, and Treatment-A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2025;17(13):2139. doi: 10.3390/nu17132139.Zhang X, Yang Q, Huang J. et al. Association of the newly proposed dietary index for gut microbiota and depression: the mediation effect of phenotypic age and body mass index. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2025;275(4):1037-1048. doi: 10.1007/s00406-024-01912-x.Zhang X, Yang Q, Huang J. et al. Association of the newly proposed dietary index for gut microbiota and depression: the mediation effect of phenotypic age and body mass index. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2025;275(4):1037-1048. doi: 10.1007/s00406-024-01912-x.Cao Y, Cheng Y, Pan W. et al. Gut microbiota variations in depression and anxiety: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;25(1):443. doi: 10.1186/s12888-025-06871-8.Cao Y, Cheng Y, Pan W. et al. Gut microbiota variations in depression and anxiety: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;25(1):443. doi: 10.1186/s12888-025-06871-8.Tao X, Li Z, Wang D. et al. Perturbations in gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Front Neurosci. 2025;19:1448478. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1448478.Tao X, Li Z, Wang D. et al. Perturbations in gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Front Neurosci. 2025;19:1448478. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1448478.Takyi E, Nirmalkar K, Adams J, Krajmalnik-Brown R.Interventions targeting the gut microbiota and their possible effect on gastrointestinal and neurobehavioral symptoms in autism spectrum disorder. Gut Microbes. 2025;17(1):2499580. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2499580.Takyi E, Nirmalkar K, Adams J, Krajmalnik-Brown R.Interventions targeting the gut microbiota and their possible effect on gastrointestinal and neurobehavioral symptoms in autism spectrum disorder. Gut Microbes. 2025;17(1):2499580. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2499580.Zhang N, Tran S, Moskatel LS.The Gut Microbiome and Migraine: Updates in Understanding. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2025;25(1):20. doi: 10.1007/s11910-025-01408-8.Zhang N, Tran S, Moskatel LS.The Gut Microbiome and Migraine: Updates in Understanding. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2025;25(1):20. doi: 10.1007/s11910-025-01408-8.Biagioli V, Mela F, Ferraro P. et al. The Interplay Between Gut Microbiota, Adipose Tissue, and Migraine: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2025;17(2):337. doi: 10.3390/nu17020337.Biagioli V, Mela F, Ferraro P. et al. The Interplay Between Gut Microbiota, Adipose Tissue, and Migraine: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2025;17(2):337. doi: 10.3390/nu17020337.Xiao-Hang Q, Si-Yue C, Hui-Dong T.Multi-strain probiotics ameliorate Alzheimer’s-like cognitive impairment and pathological changes through the AKT/GSK-3β pathway in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2024;119:14-27. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.031.Xiao-Hang Q, Si-Yue C, Hui-Dong T.Multi-strain probiotics ameliorate Alzheimer’s-like cognitive impairment and pathological changes through the AKT/GSK-3β pathway in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2024;119:14-27. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.031.Ross SM. Psychobiotics. Holist Nurs Pract. 2025;39(5):326-328. doi: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000758.Ross SM. Psychobiotics. Holist Nurs Pract. 2025;39(5):326-328. doi: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000758.Slykerman RF, Davies N, Vlckova K. et al. Precision Psychobiotics for Gut-Brain Axis Health: Advancing the Discovery Pipelines to Deliver Mechanistic Pathways and Proven Health Efficacy. Microb Biotechnol. 2025;18(1): e70079. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.70079.Slykerman RF, Davies N, Vlckova K. et al. Precision Psychobiotics for Gut-Brain Axis Health: Advancing the Discovery Pipelines to Deliver Mechanistic Pathways and Proven Health Efficacy. Microb Biotechnol. 2025;18(1): e70079. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.70079.Cheng Q, Ran Y, Mo X. et al. The efficacy and acceptability of Lactobacillus reuteri for the treatment of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2025;95:122-132. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.05.004.Cheng Q, Ran Y, Mo X. et al. The efficacy and acceptability of Lactobacillus reuteri for the treatment of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2025;95:122-132. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.05.004.Di Salvo C, D’Antongiovanni V, Benvenuti L. et al. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HEAL9 attenuates cognitive impairment and progression of Alzheimer’s disease and related bowel symptoms in SAMP8 mice by modulating microbiota-gut-inflammasome-brain axis. Food Funct. 2024;15(20):10323-10338. doi: 10.1039/d4fo02075h.Di Salvo C, D’Antongiovanni V, Benvenuti L. et al. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HEAL9 attenuates cognitive impairment and progression of Alzheimer’s disease and related bowel symptoms in SAMP8 mice by modulating microbiota-gut-inflammasome-brain axis. Food Funct. 2024;15(20):10323-10338. doi: 10.1039/d4fo02075h.Barrio C, Arias-Sánchez S, Martín-Monzón I.The gut microbiota-brain axis, psychobiotics and its influence on brain and behaviour: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2022;137:105640. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105640.Barrio C, Arias-Sánchez S, Martín-Monzón I.The gut microbiota-brain axis, psychobiotics and its influence on brain and behaviour: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2022;137:105640. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105640.Garzone S, Charitos IA, Mandorino M. et al. Can We Modulate Our Second Brain and Its Metabolites to Change Our Mood? A Systematic Review on Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Future Directions of “Psychobiotics”.Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(5):1972. doi: 10.3390/ijms26051972.Garzone S, Charitos IA, Mandorino M. et al. Can We Modulate Our Second Brain and Its Metabolites to Change Our Mood? A Systematic Review on Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Future Directions of “Psychobiotics”.Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(5):1972. doi: 10.3390/ijms26051972.Poluektova E., Yunes R., Danilenko V. The putative antidepressant mechanisms of probiotic bacteria: Relevant genes and proteins. Nutrients. May 10;13(5):1591. doi: 10.3390/nu13051591Poluektova E., Yunes R., Danilenko V. The putative antidepressant mechanisms of probiotic bacteria: Relevant genes and proteins. Nutrients. May 10;13(5):1591. doi: 10.3390/nu13051591Bankah AZ, Tagoe TA, Darko E. et al.Combined Administration of Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium Offers Enhanced Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Activity in a Dose Dependent Manner. Brain Behav. 2025;15(5): e70564. doi: 10.1002/brb3.70564.Bankah AZ, Tagoe TA, Darko E. et al.Combined Administration of Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium Offers Enhanced Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Activity in a Dose Dependent Manner. Brain Behav. 2025;15(5): e70564. doi: 10.1002/brb3.70564.Hussain A, Koser N, Aun SM. Deciphering the role of probiotics in mental health: a systematic literature review of psychobiotics. Benef Microbes. 2024;16(2):135-156. doi: 10.1163/18762891-bja00053.Hussain A, Koser N, Aun SM. Deciphering the role of probiotics in mental health: a systematic literature review of psychobiotics. Benef Microbes. 2024;16(2):135-156. doi: 10.1163/18762891-bja00053.Ma YF, Lin YA, Huang CL. Et al. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PS128 Alleviates Exaggerated Cortical Beta Oscillations and Motor Deficits in the 6-Hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2023;15(2):312-325. doi: 10.1007/s12602-021-09828-x.Ma YF, Lin YA, Huang CL. Et al. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PS128 Alleviates Exaggerated Cortical Beta Oscillations and Motor Deficits in the 6-Hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2023;15(2):312-325. doi: 10.1007/s12602-021-09828-x.Mincic AM, Antal M, Filip L, Miere D. Modulation of gut microbiome in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review. Clin Nutr. 2024;43(7):1832-1849. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.036.Mincic AM, Antal M, Filip L, Miere D. Modulation of gut microbiome in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review. Clin Nutr. 2024;43(7):1832-1849. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.036.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.