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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-8658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Global Media Technologies»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-240-8-128-137</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nogr-3428</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Молекулярный канцерогенез желудка: формирование протуморогенной среды при наследственных нарушениях (дисплазиях) соединительной ткани - Часть II</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Molecular gastric carcinogenesis: formation of a protumor microenvironment in heritable connective (dysplasia) tissue disorders - Part II</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9010-0264</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рудой</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudoy</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">andrewrudoj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственное учреждение «Республиканский научно-практический центр «Кардиология» Министерства здравоохранения Республики Беларусь («РНПЦ «Кардиология»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Institution «Republican Scientific and Practical Centre «Cardiology»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>128</fpage><lpage>137</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рудой А.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рудой А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rudoy A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/3428">https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/3428</self-uri><abstract><p>Проведён обзор современной отечественной и зарубежной литературы (PubMed/eLibrary/Scopus) с интеграцией собственных наблюдений за последние 20 лет. Подробно рассмотрены молекулярные механизмы формирования протуморогенной стромы желудка, включая случаи наследственных нарушений соединительной ткани (ННСТ), таких как синдром Марфана и марфаноподобные фенотипы (недифференцированные дисплазии соединительной ткани). Обсуждаются молекулярные механизмы сигнального пути TGF-β, сопровождаемые переключением его активности с супрессорных на проонкогенные эффекты: трансдифференцировка фибробластов и эндотелиальных клеток в опухоль-ассоциированные фибробласты (α-SMA+ миофибробласты), активация эпителиально- и эндотелиально-мезенхимального перехода, стимуляция ангио- и лимфангиогенеза, а также формирование иммуносупрессивного опухевого микроокружения. Детально представлено ремоделирование стромы желудка в направлении ННСТ-протуморогенного фенотипа, включая результаты авторских исследований (иммуногистохимическая оценка экспрессии TGF-β1, α-SMA и коллагена III), подтверждающие ключевую роль TGF-β-опосредованного фиброгенеза в формировании уникальной модели раннего этапа молекулярного ННСТ-канцерогенеза желудка. В части II представлены данные, подтверждающие, что конститутивная гиперактивация сигнального пути TGF-β при ННСТ сопровождается изменением функциональной активности основных стромальных клеточных популяций, приводя к нарушению эпителиальной реституции, патологическому ремоделированию внеклеточного матрикса и раннему формированию фиброзных изменений слизистой оболочки желудка. Гиперэкспрессия TGF-β1 преимущественно в субэпителиальной строме ассоциировалась с увеличением α-SMA+ клеток (r≈0,74; p&lt;0,05) и накоплением коллагена III (r≈0,3; p&lt;0,02). Повышенная «ригидность» соединительнотканного матрикса, в свою очередь, усиливает механотрансдукцию и активацию TGF-β, замыкая самоподдерживающийся цикл стромальной активации. Рассматриваемые изменения формируют морфогенетический вариант хронического гастрита с признаками ранней неопластической трансформации слизистой - мультифокальной атрофией и кишечной метаплазией, характеризующийся у пациентов с ННСТ в молодом возрасте фиброзным перигландулярно-субэпителиальным паттерном, способствующим ускоренному развитию каскада Correa при H. pylori-негативном статусе. Отмечены приоритеты трансляционных исследований, подтверждающих необходимость валидации TGF-β и связанных биомаркеров как предикторов риска, что открывает перспективы для раннего скрининга, профилактики и разработки таргетной терапии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A comprehensive review of contemporary Russian and international literature (PubMed, eLibrary, Scopus) is presented, integrating the author’s own observations collected over the past 20 years. The molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the protumor stroma of the stomach are examined, including cases of hereditary connective tissue disorders (HCTD) such as Marfan syndrome and Marfan-like phenotypes (undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia). The molecular mechanisms of the TGF-β signaling pathway are discussed, demonstrating a functional shift from tumor-suppressive to pro-oncogenic effects: transdifferentiation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells into tumor-associated fibroblasts (α-SMA+ myofibroblasts), activation of epithelial- and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, stimulation of angio- and lymphangiogenesis, and the formation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. A detailed analysis of gastric stromal remodeling toward an HCTD-associated protumor phenotype is provided, including original data (immunohistochemical assessment of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and type III collagen expression) confirming the key role of TGF-β-mediated fibrogenesis in establishing a unique model of the early stage of molecular HCTD-related gastric carcinogenesis. Part II presents evidence that constitutive hyperactivation of the TGF-β signaling pathway in HCTD is accompanied by altered functional activity of major stromal cell populations, leading to impaired epithelial restitution, pathological extracellular matrix remodeling, and early development of fibrotic changes in the gastric mucosa. Overexpression of TGF-β1, predominantly in the subepithelial stroma, correlated with an increase in α-SMA+ cells (r≈0.74; p&lt;0.05) and accumulation of type III collagen (r≈0.3; p&lt;0.02). Increased stiffness of the connective tissue matrix enhances mechanotransduction and TGF-β activation, forming a self-perpetuating cycle of stromal activation. The described changes define a morphogenetic variant of chronic gastritis with early signs of neoplastic transformation - multifocal atrophy and intestinal metaplasia - characterized in young HCTD patients by a fibrotic periglandular-subepithelial pattern that promotes accelerated progression along the Correa cascade under H. pylori-negative conditions. Translational research priorities are outlined, emphasizing the need for validation of TGF-β and related biomarkers as risk predictors, which opens perspectives for early screening, prevention, and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак желудка</kwd><kwd>молекулярный канцерогенез</kwd><kwd>наследственные нарушения соединительной ткани (ННСТ)</kwd><kwd>недифференцированная дисплазия соединительной ткани (НДСТ)</kwd><kwd>синдром Марфана</kwd><kwd>TGF-β</kwd><kwd>α-SMA</kwd><kwd>миофибробласты</kwd><kwd>опухоль-ассоциированные фибробласты (CAF)</kwd><kwd>коллаген III</kwd><kwd>ремоделирование стромы и внеклеточного матрикса (ВКМ)</kwd><kwd>микроокружение опухоли (TME)</kwd><kwd>эпителиально-мезенхимальный переход (ЭМП)</kwd><kwd>эндотелиально-мезенхимальный переход (ЭндоМП)</kwd><kwd>ангиогенез</kwd><kwd>лимфангиогенез</kwd><kwd>фиброз</kwd><kwd>атрофия слизистой оболочки желудка</kwd><kwd>кишечная метаплазия</kwd><kwd>дисплазия</kwd><kwd>иммуносупрессия</kwd><kwd>каскад Correa</kwd><kwd>H. pylori-негативный гастрит</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gastric cancer</kwd><kwd>molecular carcinogenesis</kwd><kwd>heritable connective tissue disorders (HCTD)</kwd><kwd>connective tissue dysplasia</kwd><kwd>Marfan syndrome</kwd><kwd>TGF-β</kwd><kwd>α-SMA</kwd><kwd>myofibroblasts</kwd><kwd>cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF)</kwd><kwd>type III collagen</kwd><kwd>stromal and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling</kwd><kwd>tumor microenvironment (TME)</kwd><kwd>epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)</kwd><kwd>Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT)</kwd><kwd>angiogenesis</kwd><kwd>lymphangiogenesis</kwd><kwd>fibrosis</kwd><kwd>gastric mucosal atrophy</kwd><kwd>intestinal metaplasia</kwd><kwd>gastric dysplasia</kwd><kwd>immunosuppression</kwd><kwd>Correa cascade</kwd><kwd>H. pylori-negative gastritis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Белорусского республиканского фонда фундаментальных исследований в рамках двух научно-исследовательских проектов: «Молекулярные механизмы прогрессирования хронического атрофического гастрита у лиц молодого возраста с марфаноподобным фенотипом» (проект № М13У-001, 2013-2015 гг.) и «Оценка слизистой оболочки желудка у мужчин призывного возраста с хроническим гастритом, ассоциированным с недифференцированной дисплазией соединительной ткани» (проект № М13М-048, 2013-2015 гг.). Исследование также выполнено при поддержке Государственной научно-технической программы «Научно-техническое обеспечение качества и доступности медицинских услуг» (2021-2025 гг.), № государственной регистрации ГР 20 132 073.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Belarusian Foundation for Basic Research through two research projects: “Molecular Mechanisms of Chronic Atrophic Gastritis Progression in Young Individuals with Marfanoid Phenotype” (Project No. M13U-001, 2013-2015) and “Assessment of the Gastric Mucosa in Military-Age Men with Chronic Gastritis Associated with Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Dysplasia” (Project No. M13M-048, 2013-2015). The study was also supported by the State Scientific and Technical Program “Scientific and Technical Support for the Quality and Availability of Medical Services” (2021-2025), State Registration No. GR 20 132 073.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jogendra Singh P., et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts: immunosuppressive crosstalk with tumor-infiltrating immune cells and implications for therapeutic resistance. Cancers. 2025;17(15):2484. doi: 10.3390/cancers17152484.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jogendra Singh P., et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts: immunosuppressive crosstalk with tumor-infiltrating immune cells and implications for therapeutic resistance. 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