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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-8658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Global Media Technologies»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-240-8-119-127</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nogr-3426</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клинические и эпидемиологические сигналы онкориска при наследственных нарушениях (дисплазиях) соединительной ткани: роль дуального парадокса TGF-β в молекулярном канцерогенезе желудка - Часть I</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical and epidemiological oncosignals in heritable connective tissue disorders: the role of the dual TGF-β paradox in gastric molecular carcinogenesis - Part I</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9010-0264</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рудой</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudoy</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">andrewrudoj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственное учреждение «Республиканский научно-практический центр «Кардиология» Министерства здравоохранения Республики Беларусь («РНПЦ «Кардиология»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Institution «Republican Scientific and Practical Centre «Cardiology»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>119</fpage><lpage>127</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рудой А.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рудой А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rudoy A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/3426">https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/3426</self-uri><abstract><p>Наследственные нарушения и недифференцированные дисплазии соединительной ткани (ННСТ/НДСТ), включая синдром Марфана и родственные состояния, всё чаще рассматриваются как независимые факторы онкологического риска. Популяционные исследования демонстрируют значительное повышение частоты злокачественных новообразований у носителей этих синдромов, особенно аденокарциномы желудка (относительный риск ~4,6). Клинические данные, включая собственные наблюдения, подтверждают тенденцию к раннему развитию опухолей различной локализации, что указывает на патогенетическую связь дисплазии соединительной ткани с онкогенезом. Ключевым звеном является конститутивная парадоксальная активация TGF-β-сигналинга: мутации в генах внеклеточного матрикса (например, FBN1) и рецепторных белков (TGFBR1/2) не снижают, а напротив, усиливают системную экспрессию и активность TGF-β - феномен, известный как «парадокс TGF-β» при ННСТ. С другой стороны, в онкологии четко обозначена дуальная роль TGF-β: на ранних стадиях он выступает как супрессор опухолевого роста и по мере прогрессирования неоплазии приобретает функции промотора инвазии и метастазирования, переходя от статуса «стража» в «подстрекателя» опухолевого роста (контекст-зависимый эффект, подтверждённый in vitro и in vivo). Уникальный патогенетический фон хронической гиперактивации TGF-β-сигналинга при ННСТ - («первый парадокс») в совокупности с контекст-зависимым «вторым парадоксом» формирует протофиброгенное и онкотрансформирующее микроокружение соединительной ткани, подчёркивая системную роль TGF-β-оси в регуляции тканевого гомеостаза и инициации канцерогенеза. В Части I обсуждаются клинико-эпидемиологические данные о повышенном онкориске при ННСТ/НДСТ и патогенетическая связь парадокса TGF-β с развитием рака желудка. Детально рассмотрены ранние молекулярные события и следствия активациии сигнальных путей TGF-β в последовательности каскада Correa, формирующие молекулярный фундамент неопластической трансформации слизистой оболочки желудка.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Heritable and undifferentiated connective tissue disorders (HCTD/UCTD), including Marfan syndrome and related phenotypes, are increasingly recognized as independent risk factors for malignancy. Population-based studies demonstrate a significantly higher incidence of neoplastic diseases among these patients, with a particularly elevated relative risk for gastric adenocarcinoma (~4.6). Clinical observations, including the author’s own data, confirm a tendency toward the early development of tumors of various localizations, indicating a pathogenetic link between connective tissue dysplasia and oncogenesis. A key molecular driver is the constitutive paradoxical activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway: mutations in extracellular matrix genes (e. g., FBN1) and receptor components (TGFBR1/2) do not suppress but rather enhance systemic TGF-β expression and activity - a phenomenon known as the “TGF-β paradox” in HCTD. In oncology, however, TGF-β exhibits a well-known dual role: acting as a tumor suppressor in early carcinogenesis while promoting invasion and metastasis at advanced stages - a context-dependent switch confirmed in both in vitro and in vivo models. The unique pathogenetic background of chronic TGF-β hyperactivation in HCTD (the first paradox), combined with the context-dependent oncologic second paradox, creates a profibrogenic and pro-transforming microenvironment that predisposes connective tissue to neoplastic remodeling. Together, these mechanisms underscore the systemic role of the TGF-β axis in tissue homeostasis and cancer initiation. Part I discusses the clinical and epidemiological evidence for increased cancer risk in HCTD/UCTD and the pathogenetic relationship between the TGF-β paradox and gastric carcinogenesis, focusing on early molecular events within the Correa cascade that establish the groundwork for neoplastic transformation of the gastric mucosa.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Синдром Марфана</kwd><kwd>дисплазия соединительной ткани</kwd><kwd>хронический гастрит</kwd><kwd>H. pylori-независимый гастрит</kwd><kwd>атрофия слизистой оболочки желудка</kwd><kwd>кишечная метаплазия</kwd><kwd>предраковые изменения желудка</kwd><kwd>аденокарцинома желудка</kwd><kwd>парадокс TGF-β</kwd><kwd>сигнальный путь TGF-β</kwd><kwd>SMAD-регуляция (TGF-β/SMAD-зависимая транскрипция)</kwd><kwd>внеклеточный матрикс (ВКМ)</kwd><kwd>миофибробласты</kwd><kwd>микроокружение опухоли (TME)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Marfan syndrome</kwd><kwd>connective tissue dysplasia</kwd><kwd>chronic gastritis</kwd><kwd>H. pylori-independent gastritis</kwd><kwd>gastric mucosal atrophy</kwd><kwd>intestinal metaplasia</kwd><kwd>precancerous gastric lesions</kwd><kwd>gastric adenocarcinoma</kwd><kwd>TGF-β paradox</kwd><kwd>TGF-β signaling pathway</kwd><kwd>SMAD signaling / SMAD-dependent regulation</kwd><kwd>extracellular matrix (ECM)</kwd><kwd>myofibroblasts</kwd><kwd>tumor microenvironment (TME)</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Белорусского республиканского фонда фундаментальных исследований в рамках двух научно-исследовательских проектов: «Молекулярные механизмы прогрессирования хронического атрофического гастрита у лиц молодого возраста с марфаноподобным фенотипом» (проект № М13У-001, 2013-2015 гг.) и «Оценка слизистой оболочки желудка у мужчин призывного возраста с хроническим гастритом, ассоциированным с недифференцированной дисплазией соединительной ткани» (проект № М13М-048, 2013-2015 гг.). Исследование также выполнено при поддержке Государственной научно-технической программы «Научно-техническое обеспечение качества и доступности медицинских услуг» (2021-2025 гг.), № ГР 20 132 073.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Belarusian Foundation for Basic Research through two research projects: “Molecular Mechanisms of Chronic Atrophic Gastritis Progression in Young Individuals with Marfanoid Phenotype” (Project No. M13U-001, 2013-2015) and “Assessment of the Gastric Mucosa in Military-Age Men with Chronic Gastritis Associated with Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Dysplasia” (Project No. M13M-048, 2013-2015). The study was also supported by the State Scientific and Technical Program “Scientific and Technical Support for the Quality and Availability of Medical Services” (2021-2025), State Registration No. GR 20 132 073.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ajani JA, D’Amico TA, Bentrem DJ, et al. Gastric cancer, version 2.2022, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2022;20(2): 167-192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ajani JA, D’Amico TA, Bentrem DJ, et al. Gastric cancer, version 2.2022, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2022;20(2): 167-192.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsu C-W, Wang J-C, Liao W-I, Chien W-C, Chung C-H, Tsao C-H, et al. 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