nogrЭкспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерологияExperimental and Clinical Gastroenterology1682-8658«Global Media Technologies»10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-245-1-41-50nogr-3359Research ArticleОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИORIGINAL ARTICLESОсобенности питания у детей с расстройством аутистического спектраNutritional characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorderhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1388-1842ЛобановМ. Е.LobanovM. E.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5736-9624ГуменюкО. И.GumenyukO. I.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6896-7563ЧерненковЮ. В.ChernenkovYu. V.noemail@neicon.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Саратовский государственный медицинский университет им. В.И. Разумовского» Минздрава РоссииРоссияSaratov State Medical University named after V.I. Razumovsky (Razumovsky University)Russian Federation202616072026014150Copyright © Лобанов М.Е., Гуменюк О.И., Черненков Ю.В., 20262026Лобанов М.Е., Гуменюк О.И., Черненков Ю.В.Lobanov M.E., Gumenyuk O.I., Chernenkov Y.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/3359

Цель исследования: охарактеризовать особенности питания у детей с расстройством аутистического спектра (РАС) с учетом индивидуальных сенсорных стратегий, а также оценить связь сенсорного избегания и сенсорного поиска с выбором продуктов питания и характером гастроинтестинальных жалоб. Материалы и методы: проведено одноцентровое наблюдательное аналитическое поперечное исследование с участием 105 детей с верифицированным диагнозом РАС в возрасте от 3 до 17 лет. На основании клинического осмотра и анкетирования родители (законные представители) дети были распределены на контрольную группу без нарушений пищевого поведения (n=31) и основную группу с пищевыми нарушениями (n=74). Для оценки сенсорных факторов использован оригинальный авторский опросник, разработанный на основе Sensory Profile-2, BAMBI и CFNS (α Кронбаха = 0,75). Дополнительно анализировались структура рациона, поведенческие особенности приема пищи и жалобы со стороны желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ). Статистический анализ включал описательные методы и корреляционный анализ Спирмена (p <0,05). Результаты: в группе детей с нарушениями питания сенсорное избегание выявлено у 61%, сенсорный поиск - у 27%, смешанный тип - у 12%. Сенсорное избегание ассоциировалось с предпочтением гомогенных продуктов нейтрального вкуса и температуры, ограничением рациона и более высокой частотой запоров. Сенсорный поиск характеризовался стремлением к интенсивным вкусовым и текстурным стимулам, пикацизмом и склонностью к разжиженному стулу и абдоминальным болям. Выявлены статистически значимые корреляции между сенсорными триггерами, выбором продуктовых категорий и функциональными симптомами ЖКТ. Заключение: нарушения пищевого поведения у детей с РАС формируются в рамках различных сенсорных стратегий, которые определяют как структуру рациона, так и характер гастроинтестинальных жалоб. Учет сенсорного фенотипа ребенка является необходимым условием для персонализированного подхода к диагностике и коррекции пищевых и функциональных гастроинтестинальных нарушений.

The aim: to characterize the nutritional characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), taking into account individual sensory strategies, as well as to evaluate the relationship of sensory avoidance and sensory search with food choice and the nature of gastrointestinal complaints. Materials and methods: а single-center observational analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 105 children with a verified diagnosis of ASD aged 3 to 17 years. Based on a clinical examination and a questionnaire, the parents (legal representatives) of the children were divided into a control group without eating disorders (n=31) and a main group with eating disorders (n=74). The original author’s questionnaire developed on the basis of Sensory Profile-2, BAMBI and CFNS (Cronbach’s α = 0.75) was used to evaluate sensory factors. Additionally, the structure of the diet, behavioral features of food intake and complaints from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were analyzed. Statistical analysis included descriptive methods and Spearman’s correlation analysis (p <0.05). Results: in the group of children with eating disorders, sensory avoidance was detected in 61%, sensory search in 27%, and mixed type in 12%. Sensory avoidance was associated with a preference for homogeneous foods of neutral taste and temperature, dietary restriction, and a higher incidence of constipation. Sensory search was characterized by a desire for intense gustatory and textural stimuli, picacism, and a tendency to loose stools and abdominal pain. Statistically significant correlations were found between sensory triggers, the choice of food categories, and functional symptoms of the gastrointestinal tract. Conclusion: eating disorders in children with ASD are formed within the framework of various sensory strategies that determine both the structure of the diet and the nature of gastrointestinal complaints. Consideration of the child’s sensory phenotype is a prerequisite for a personalized approach to the diagnosis and correction of nutritional and functional gastrointestinal disorders.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.