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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-8658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Global Media Technologies»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-239-7-162-181</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nogr-3234</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ГАСТРОЭНТЕРОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL GASTROENTEROLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изменения кишечного микробиома и нарушения структуры кишечника у крыс с разной тяжестью экспериментального аллергического энцефаломиелита</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Changes in the intestinal microbiome and disturbances in intestinal structure in rats with different severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4830-3068</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бынзарь</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bynzar</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">valeria200292@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-9548</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мацулевич</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Matsulevich</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9795-1180</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грефнер</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grefner</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6093-8744</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1010-6768</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдурасулова</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdurasulova</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Институт Экспериментальной Медицины»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>162</fpage><lpage>181</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бынзарь В.В., Мацулевич А.В., Грефнер Н.М., Новикова Н.С., Абдурасулова И.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бынзарь В.В., Мацулевич А.В., Грефнер Н.М., Новикова Н.С., Абдурасулова И.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bynzar V.V., Matsulevich A.V., Grefner N.M., Novikova N.S., Abdurasulova I.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/3234">https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/3234</self-uri><abstract><p>Рассеянный склероз (РС) - хроническое аутоиммунное заболевание ЦНС, сопровождающееся воспалительной демиелинизацией и нейродегенерацией. Одним из перспективных направлений исследований является изучение оси «микробиота - кишечник - мозг». Показано, что нарушения кишечного барьера и изменения состава микробиоты могут предшествовать клиническим проявлениям РС, однако их связь с тяжестью заболевания остаётся неясной. Модель экспериментального аллергического энцефаломиелита (ЭАЭ) у грызунов широко применяется для изучения патогенеза РС. Она воспроизводит ключевые иммунные и морфологические изменения. Несмотря на накопленные данные, сравнительные исследования таксономического состава микробиоты и структурных изменений кишечника при различных вариантах течения ЭАЭ ограничены. Цель исследования - сравнить таксономический состав кишечного микробиома и структурные изменения кишечного эпителия у крыс с разной степенью тяжести ЭАЭ. Исследование проведено на 39 самках крыс Wistar (интактные, n=9; с индуцированным ЭАЭ, n=30). ЭАЭ индуцировали однократной подкожной инъекцией гомогената спинного мозга в полном адъюванте Фрейнда. Морфологические и ультраструктурные изменения кишечного эпителия оценивались с помощью электронной микроскопии и гистологических методов. Анализ таксономического состава кишечной микробиоты методом секвенирования гена 16S рРНК на платформе Illumina c универсальными праймерами v3-v4. При сравнении кишечного микробиома легко и тяжело болевших крыс выявлены значимые различия в представленности 4-х филумов Bacillota, Bacteroidota, Actinomycetota и Cyanobacteriota. В исходном микробиоме тяжело болевших крыс было увеличено содержание класса Epsilonproteobacteria (Pseudomonadota). Клинические симптомы развивались в обеих группах на фоне снижения численности Bacteroidota (семейство Prevotellaceae). В фазу выздоровления численность Bacteroidota восстанавливалсь только у легко болевших и выздоровевших животных. У крыс с тяжелым течением ЭАЭ в этот период возрастала численность Actinomycetota. На уровне рода различная динамика изменений в течение ЭАЭ между группами выявлена по 9 родам (неклассифицированным Clostridiaceae и Peptoscreptococaceae, Allobaculum, Turicibacter, Prevotella, Parabacteroides, Desulfovibrio и Bifidobacterium). На фоне более значимых изменений состава кишечного микробиома у крыс с тяжёлым течением ЭАЭ выявлены более выраженные морфологические изменения в кишечнике. На пике заболевания в кишечнике крыс выявлена лейкоцитарная инфильтрация слизистой, снижение количества бокаловидных клеток, уменьшение длины и утолщение ворсинок тонкой кишки, а также уменьшение глубины крипт толстой кишки, коррелировавшие с тяжестью заболевания. Ультраструктурный анализ показал повреждение митохондрий и микроворсинок энтероцитов и колоноцитов, более выраженное у тяжело болеющих животных. Полученные данные подтверждают участие оси «микробиота - кишечник - мозг» в развитии аутоиммунных демиелинизирующих заболеваний ЦНС. Выявленная связь между морфологическими изменениями кишечника, составом микробиоты и тяжестью ЭАЭ указывает на перспективность модуляции кишечного воспаления и барьерной функции в терапии рассеянного склероза.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system, characterized by inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration. Increasing attention has been directed to the “microbiota-gut-brain” axis, as intestinal barrier dysfunction and alterations in gut microbiota composition have been reported to precede the clinical onset of MS, although their association with disease severity remains uncertain. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rodents is a well-established model that reproduces the key immunological and morphological features of MS. However, comparative investigations addressing both the taxonomic structure of the microbiota and intestinal morphological changes across different severities of EAE remain scarce. To compare the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota and structural alterations of the intestinal epithelium in rats with different severities of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The study was conducted on 39 female Wistar rats (intact, n=9; EAE-induced, n=30). EAE was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of spinal cord homogenate in complete Freund’s adjuvant. Morphological and ultrastructural changes in the intestinal epithelium were assessed using histological techniques and electron microscopy. The taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. When comparing the intestinal microbiome of mildly and severely ill rats, significant differences were observed in the representation of 4 phyla: Bacillota, Bacteroidota, Actinomycetota and Cyanobacteriota. In the baseline microbiome of severely affected rats, the abundance of the class Epsilonproteobacteria (Pseudomonadota) was increased. Clinical symptoms developed in both groups against the background of a decreased number of Bacteroidota (family Prevotellaceae). During the recovery phase, the abundance of Bacteroidota was restored only in mildly affected and recovered animals, whereas in rats with severe EAE the proportion of Actinomycetota increased. At the genus level, distinct group-specific dynamics during EAE were identified for 9 genera (unclassified Clostridiaceae and Peptoscreptococaceae, Allobaculum, Turicibacter, Prevotella, Parabacteroides, Desulfovibrio and Bifidobacterium). Alongside more pronounced alterations in the gut microbiome, rats with severe EAE displayed significant morphological changes in the intestine. At the peak of the disease, leukocyte infiltration of the mucosa, reduction in goblet cells numbers, shortened and thickened small intestinal villi and decreased crypt depth in the colon were observed, all correlating with the severity of the disease. Ultrastructural analysis further revealed mitochondrial and microvilli damage in enterocytes and colonocytes, which was more pronounced in severely affected animals. These findings support the involvement of the “microbiota-gut-brain” axis in the development of autoimmune demyelinating CNS disorders. The observed association between intestinal morphological alterations, gut microbiota composition, and EAE severity highlights the potential of targeting intestinal inflammation and barrier function for therapeutic strategies in multiple sclerosis</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экспериментальный аллергический энцефаломиелит</kwd><kwd>рассеянный склероз</kwd><kwd>желудочно-кишечный тракт</kwd><kwd>кишечная микробиота</kwd><kwd>бокаловидные клетки</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>experimental allergic encephalomyelitis</kwd><kwd>multiple sclerosis</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal tract</kwd><kwd>intestinal microbiota</kwd><kwd>goblet cells</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lassmann H. Multiple Sclerosis Pathology. 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