<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-8658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Global Media Technologies»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-239-7-68-73</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nogr-3225</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Хеликобактериоз и грибково-протозойные инвазии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Helicobacter pylori and fungal-protozoal infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1462-8734</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исаева</surname><given-names>Г. Ш.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Isaeva</surname><given-names>G. Sh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">guisaeva@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Агафонова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Agafonova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4366-6315</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исаева</surname><given-names>Р. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Isaeva</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурханов</surname><given-names>Р. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Burkhanov</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ефимова</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Efimova</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Казанский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии» Роспотребнадзора; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Institution «Kazan Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology» of Rospotrebnadzor; Kazan State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Казанский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Institution «Kazan Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology» of Rospotrebnadzor</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Поликлиника ФКУЗ «Медико-санитарная часть МВД по Республике Татарстан»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Polyclinic of Medical and Sanitary unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Tatarstan</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГАУЗ «Республиканский клинический онкологический диспансер Министерства здравоохранения Республики Татарстан</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary Republic of Tatarstan</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>68</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Исаева Г.Ш., Агафонова Е.В., Исаева Р.А., Бурханов Р.Р., Ефимова Н.Г., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Исаева Г.Ш., Агафонова Е.В., Исаева Р.А., Бурханов Р.Р., Ефимова Н.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Isaeva G.S., Agafonova E.V., Isaeva R.A., Burkhanov R.R., Efimova N.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/3225">https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/3225</self-uri><abstract><p>Хронический гастродуоденит (ХГД) рассматривается как многофакторная патология, в этиологии которой ведущая роль отводится инфицированию H. рylori (НР). В научном сообществе дискутируется вопрос симбиотических взаимоотношений НР с другими инфекционными агентами, включая патогены паразитарной и грибковой природы, но особенности сочетанных поражений недостаточно описаны. Цель исследования: изучить частоту H. pylori и протозойно-грибковых инвазий при хронических воспалительных заболеваниях желудка и 12-перстной кишки, влияние на морфологические изменения слизистых оболочек ЖКТ. Материал и методы. Обследовано 87 пациентов с диагнозом ХГД. Материалом для исследования являлись биоптаты слизистой оболочки желудка (СОЖ) и 12-перстной кишки, фекалии. Для выявления HP применяли цитологический и иммунохроматографический метод. Для обнаружения морфологических изменений слизистых оболочек и сопутствующей микрофлоры применяли окраску по Романовскому-Гимзе. Для выявления простейших использовали паразитоскопические методы. Результаты исследования. При изучении микробного состава желудка у 87 больных ХГД была обнаружена смешанная микрофлора, в том числе эукариотической природы. Предварительный анализ результатов в группе Н. pylori-положительных пациентов (n=57) показал, что ассоциация Н. pylori и дрожжеподобные грибы рода Candida встречалась в 29% случаев, ассоциация Н. pylori, дрожжеподобные грибы рода Candida и простейшие (G. lamblia) - в 19% случаев. Изучение микрофлоры СОЖ больных ХГД показало наличие более тяжелых форм морфологических изменений, в частности, кишечной метаплазии и дисплазии, при H. pylori и грибково-протозойной микст-инвазии, чем при отсутствии инфицирования (p&lt;0,05). Достоверная разница отмечена в группе H. рylori - положительных по выявлению простейших и грибов рода Candida по сравнению с группой H. рylori отрицательных пациентов (p&lt;0,05). Вывод. Наличие протозойно-грибковой микст инвазии при Н. pylori - ассоциированном гастродуодените может оказывать потенцирующий патогенетический эффект на функции всех отделов ЖКТ, приводя к дисбиотическим нарушениям и развитию хронического воспалительного процесса, что требует разработки алгоритмов комплексной диагностики и коррекции дисбиотических состояний.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Chronic gastroduodenitis (CGD) is considered as a multifactorial pathology, in the etiology of which the leading role is assigned to infection with H. pylori (HP). The issue of symbiotic relationships of HP with other infectious agents, including pathogens of parasitic and fungal nature, is being discussed in the scientific community, but the features of combined lesions are insufficiently described. The aim of the study was to study the frequency of H. pylori and protozoal fungal invasions in chronic inflammatory diseases of the stomach and duodenum, the effect on morphological changes in the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. Material and methods. 87 patients diagnosed with CGD were examined. The material for the study was biopsies of the gastric mucosa and duodenum 12, faeces. Cytological and immunochromatographic methods were used to identify HP. The staining by Romanovsky-Giemsa was used for detection of the morphological changes in the mucous membranes and the microflora. Parasitoscopic methods were used to identify the protozoa. The results of the study. When studying the microbial composition of the stomach in 87 patients with CGD, the mixed microflora was found, including eukaryotic nature. A preliminary analysis of the results in the group of H. pylori-positive patients (n=57) showed that the association of H. pylori and yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida was found in 29% of cases, the association of H. pylori, yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida and protozoa (G. lamblia) - in 19% of cases. The study of the SOF microflora of patients with CGD showed the presence of more severe forms of morphological changes, in particular, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia, in H. pylori and fungal-protozoal mixed invasion, than in the absence of infection (p&lt;0.05). A significant difference was noted in the group of H. pylori -positive for the detection of protozoa and fungi of the genus Candida compared with the group of H. pylori-negative patients (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion. The presence of protozoal fungal mixed invasion in H. pylori - associated with the gastroduodenitis can have a potentiating pathogenetic effect on the functions of all parts of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to dysbiotic disorders and the development of a chronic inflammatory process, which requires the development of algorithms for complex diagnosis and correction of dysbiotic conditions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd><kwd>Candida</kwd><kwd>Giardia lamblia</kwd><kwd>Вlastocystis spp</kwd><kwd>микст-инвазии</kwd><kwd>дисбиоз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd><kwd>Candida</kwd><kwd>Giardia lamblia</kwd><kwd>Blastocystis spp</kwd><kwd>mixed invasions</kwd><kwd>dysbiosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y., Choi H., Leung K. et al. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection between 1980 and 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023; 8(6):553-564. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00070-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y., Choi H., Leung K. et al. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection between 1980 and 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023; 8(6):553-564. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00070-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tilahun M., Gedefie A., Belayhun C. et al. Helicobacter pylori Pathogenicity Islands and Giardia lamblia Cysteine Proteases in Role of Coinfection and Pathogenesis. Infect Drug Resist. 2022; 6;15:21-34. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S346705.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tilahun M., Gedefie A., Belayhun C. et al. Helicobacter pylori Pathogenicity Islands and Giardia lamblia Cysteine Proteases in Role of Coinfection and Pathogenesis. Infect Drug Resist. 2022; 6;15:21-34. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S346705.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen X., Zhou X., Liao B. et al. The cross-kingdom interaction between Helicobacter pylori and Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog. 2021; 6;17(5): e1009515. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009515</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen X., Zhou X., Liao B. et al. The cross-kingdom interaction between Helicobacter pylori and Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog. 2021; 6;17(5): e1009515. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009515</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abd El Hameed Y.F., Boghdadi A.M., Ghobrial C.M., Hassan M.A. Association of Helicobacter pylori and parasitic infections in childhood: impact on clinical manifestations and implications. J Parasit Dis. 2021;45(3):790-796. doi: 10.1007/s12639-021-01362-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abd El Hameed Y.F., Boghdadi A.M., Ghobrial C.M., Hassan M.A. Association of Helicobacter pylori and parasitic infections in childhood: impact on clinical manifestations and implications. J Parasit Dis. 2021;45(3):790-796. doi: 10.1007/s12639-021-01362-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duan M., Li Y., Liu J. et al. Transmission routes and patterns of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter. 2023;28(1): e12945. doi: 10.1111/hel.12945.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duan M., Li Y., Liu J. et al. Transmission routes and patterns of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter. 2023;28(1): e12945. doi: 10.1111/hel.12945.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agafonova E.V., Isaeva G.S., Isaeva R.A., Gatina G.C. Mixed invasion of H. pylori and Protozoa as a pathogenetic factor of diseases of the upper digestive tract. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2021;(2):32-40. (In Russ.) doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-186-2-32-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agafonova E.V., Isaeva G.S., Isaeva R.A., Gatina G.C. Mixed invasion of H. pylori and Protozoa as a pathogenetic factor of diseases of the upper digestive tract. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2021;(2):32-40. (In Russ.) doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-186-2-32-40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MR 3.1.0335-23 [Methods for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection]. Moscow. Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, 2023, 56 p. (in Russ.)@@ МР 3.1.0335-23 «Методы диагностики Helicobacter pylori инфекции» М.: ФБУЗ «Федеральный центр гигиены и эпидемиологии» Роспотребнадзора, 2023, 56с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MR 3.1.0335-23 [Methods for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection]. Moscow. Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, 2023, 56 p. (in Russ.)@@ МР 3.1.0335-23 «Методы диагностики Helicobacter pylori инфекции» М.: ФБУЗ «Федеральный центр гигиены и эпидемиологии» Роспотребнадзора, 2023, 56с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MUK 4.2.3145-13 [Laboratory diagnostics of helminthiasis and protozoa]. Moscow. Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor. 2013: 118 p. (in Russ.)@@ МУК 4.2.3145-13 «Лабораторная диагностика гельминтозов и протозоозов» М.: ФБУЗ «Федеральный центр гигиены и эпидемиологии» Роспотребнадзора. 2013: 118 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MUK 4.2.3145-13 [Laboratory diagnostics of helminthiasis and protozoa]. Moscow. Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor. 2013: 118 p. (in Russ.)@@ МУК 4.2.3145-13 «Лабораторная диагностика гельминтозов и протозоозов» М.: ФБУЗ «Федеральный центр гигиены и эпидемиологии» Роспотребнадзора. 2013: 118 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isaeva G. Sh., Efimova N.G. Gastrointestinal giardiasis associated with Helicobacter pylori. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol. 2010;(6):30-4. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isaeva G. Sh., Efimova N.G. Gastrointestinal giardiasis associated with Helicobacter pylori. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol. 2010;(6):30-4. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doglioni C., De Boni M., Cielo R. et al. Gastric giardiasis. J Cli Pathol. 1992; 45: 964-967.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doglioni C., De Boni M., Cielo R. et al. Gastric giardiasis. J Cli Pathol. 1992; 45: 964-967.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grazioli B., Matera G., Laratta C. et al. Giardia lamblia infection in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia: A prospective study. World J Gastroenterol. 2006; 12(12): 1941-1944.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grazioli B., Matera G., Laratta C. et al. Giardia lamblia infection in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia: A prospective study. World J Gastroenterol. 2006; 12(12): 1941-1944.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Misra V., Misra S.P., Dwivedi M., Singh P.A. Giardia lamblia trophozoites in gastric biopsies. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2006;49(4):519-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Misra V., Misra S.P., Dwivedi M., Singh P.A. Giardia lamblia trophozoites in gastric biopsies. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2006;49(4):519-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmid M.B., Brandt S., Bannwart F. et al. Giardia lamblia and Helicobacter pylori coinfection in gastrointestinal biopsies: A retrospective single-center analysis from Switzerland. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2021;53:151756. doi: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151756.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmid M.B., Brandt S., Bannwart F. et al. Giardia lamblia and Helicobacter pylori coinfection in gastrointestinal biopsies: A retrospective single-center analysis from Switzerland. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2021;53:151756. doi: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151756.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abou El-Hoda M.M., Osman H.M., Rasha M.M. et al. Impact of Helicobacter pylori infection on the activities of urease and lipase enzymes in patients with giardiasis. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2007;82(3-4):273-82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abou El-Hoda M.M., Osman H.M., Rasha M.M. et al. Impact of Helicobacter pylori infection on the activities of urease and lipase enzymes in patients with giardiasis. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2007;82(3-4):273-82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tilahun M., Gedefie A., Belayhun C. et al. Helicobacter pylori Pathogenicity Islands and Giardia lamblia Cysteine Proteases in Role of Coinfection and Pathogenesis. Infect Drug Resist. 2022; 6;15:21-34. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S346705.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tilahun M., Gedefie A., Belayhun C. et al. Helicobacter pylori Pathogenicity Islands and Giardia lamblia Cysteine Proteases in Role of Coinfection and Pathogenesis. Infect Drug Resist. 2022; 6;15:21-34. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S346705.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gökşen B., Appak Y.Ç., Girginkardeşler N. et al. Coexistence of Helicobacter pylori and Intestinal Parasitosis in Children with Chronic Abdominal Pain. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2016;40(1):32-6. doi: 10.5152/tpd.2016.4508.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gökşen B., Appak Y.Ç., Girginkardeşler N. et al. Coexistence of Helicobacter pylori and Intestinal Parasitosis in Children with Chronic Abdominal Pain. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2016;40(1):32-6. doi: 10.5152/tpd.2016.4508.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Badry A.A., Ghieth M.A., Ahmed D.A. et al. Giardia intestinalis and Helicobacter pylori co-infection: estimated risks and predictive factors in Egypt. Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2017;47(1):19-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Badry A.A., Ghieth M.A., Ahmed D.A. et al. Giardia intestinalis and Helicobacter pylori co-infection: estimated risks and predictive factors in Egypt. Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2017;47(1):19-24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Badry A.A., Abd El Wahab W.M., Hamdy D.A., Aboud A. Blastocystis subtypes isolated from irritable bowel syndrome patients and co-infection with Helicobacter pylori. Parasitol Res. 2018;117(1):127-137. doi: 10.1007/s00436-017-5679-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Badry A.A., Abd El Wahab W.M., Hamdy D.A., Aboud A. Blastocystis subtypes isolated from irritable bowel syndrome patients and co-infection with Helicobacter pylori. Parasitol Res. 2018;117(1):127-137. doi: 10.1007/s00436-017-5679-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yakoob J., Abbas Z., Khan R. et al. Association of Helicobacter pylori and protozoal parasites in patients with chronic diarrhoea. Br J Biomed Sci. 2018;75(3):105-109. doi: 10.1080/09674845.2017.1420129</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakoob J., Abbas Z., Khan R. et al. Association of Helicobacter pylori and protozoal parasites in patients with chronic diarrhoea. Br J Biomed Sci. 2018;75(3):105-109. doi: 10.1080/09674845.2017.1420129</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saniee P., Siavoshi F., Nikbakht Broujeni G. et al. Localization of H.pylori within the vacuole of Candida yeast by direct immunofluorescence technique. Arch Iran Med. 2013;16(12):705-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saniee P., Siavoshi F., Nikbakht Broujeni G. et al. Localization of H.pylori within the vacuole of Candida yeast by direct immunofluorescence technique. Arch Iran Med. 2013;16(12):705-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siavoshi F, Saniee P Vacuoles of Candida yeast as a specialized niche for Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;14;20(18):5263-73. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5263.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siavoshi F, Saniee P Vacuoles of Candida yeast as a specialized niche for Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;14;20(18):5263-73. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5263.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sánchez-Alonzo K., Parra-Sepúlveda C., Vega S. et al. In Vitro Incorporation of Helicobacter pylori into Candida albicans Caused by Acidic pH Stress. Pathogens. 2020;9(6):489. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9060489.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sánchez-Alonzo K., Parra-Sepúlveda C., Vega S. et al. In Vitro Incorporation of Helicobacter pylori into Candida albicans Caused by Acidic pH Stress. Pathogens. 2020;9(6):489. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9060489.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sánchez-Alonzo K., Silva-Mieres F., Arellano-Arriagada L. et al. Nutrient Deficiency Promotes the Entry of Helicobacter pylori Cells into Candida Yeast Cells. Biology (Basel). 2021;10(5):426. doi: 10.3390/biology10050426.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sánchez-Alonzo K., Silva-Mieres F., Arellano-Arriagada L. et al. Nutrient Deficiency Promotes the Entry of Helicobacter pylori Cells into Candida Yeast Cells. Biology (Basel). 2021;10(5):426. doi: 10.3390/biology10050426.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sánchez-Alonzo K., Arellano-Arriagada L., Bernasconi H. et al. An Anaerobic Environment Drives the Harboring of Helicobacter pylori within Candida Yeast Cells. Biology (Basel). 2022;11(5):738. doi: 10.3390/biology11050738.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sánchez-Alonzo K., Arellano-Arriagada L., Bernasconi H. et al. An Anaerobic Environment Drives the Harboring of Helicobacter pylori within Candida Yeast Cells. Biology (Basel). 2022;11(5):738. doi: 10.3390/biology11050738.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heydari S., Siavoshi F., Jazayeri M.H et al. Helicobacter pylori release from yeast as a vesicle-encased or free bacterium. Helicobacter. 2020;25(5): e12725. doi: 10.1111/hel.12725.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heydari S., Siavoshi F., Jazayeri M.H et al. Helicobacter pylori release from yeast as a vesicle-encased or free bacterium. Helicobacter. 2020;25(5): e12725. doi: 10.1111/hel.12725.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hiengrach P., Panpetch W., Chindamporn A., Leelahavanichkul A. Helicobacter pylori, Protected from Antibiotics and Stresses Inside Candida albicans Vacuoles, Cause Gastritis in Mice.Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(15):8568. doi: 10.3390/ijms23158568.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hiengrach P., Panpetch W., Chindamporn A., Leelahavanichkul A. Helicobacter pylori, Protected from Antibiotics and Stresses Inside Candida albicans Vacuoles, Cause Gastritis in Mice.Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(15):8568. doi: 10.3390/ijms23158568.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
