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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-8658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Global Media Technologies»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-234-2-4-14</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nogr-3063</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПЕРЕДОВАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LEADING ARTICLE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Хронический атрофический гастрит: молекулярный патогенез и терапевтические мишени</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chronic atrophic gastritis: molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic targets</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5129-9944</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галагудза</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galagudza</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">galagudza@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6434-1267</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Успенский</surname><given-names>Ю. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Uspensky</surname><given-names>Yu. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2436-3813</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фоминых</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fominykh</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7429-0336</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барышникова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baryshnikova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2881-4386</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайченко</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaichenko</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2752-4598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петленко</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petlenko</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова» Минздрава России; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт аналитического приборостроения Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University; Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University; St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова» Минздрава России; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University; St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное научного учреждение «институт экспериментальной медицины»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University; St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University; Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт аналитического приборостроения Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научно-клинический центр токсикологии им. акад. С.Н. Голикова Федерального медико-биологического агентства России»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology named after Academician S.N. Golikova</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Галагудза М.М., Успенский Ю.П., Фоминых Ю.А., Барышникова Н.В., Зайченко К.В., Петленко С.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Галагудза М.М., Успенский Ю.П., Фоминых Ю.А., Барышникова Н.В., Зайченко К.В., Петленко С.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Galagudza M.M., Uspensky Y.P., Fominykh Y.A., Baryshnikova N.V., Zaichenko K.V., Petlenko S.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/3063">https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/3063</self-uri><abstract><p>Хронический атрофический гастрит (ХАГ) - одно из наиболее распространенных заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта, характеризующееся уменьшением толщины слизистой оболочки желудка, уменьшением числа желудочных желез и умеренным воспалением. Этиология ХАГ связана с неблагоприятным воздействием двух основных факторов - хеликобактерной инфекции и аутоиммунной агрессии. Ведущая инициальная роль в повреждении слизистой оболочки желудка, приводящем в дальнейшем к долговременным последствиям в виде атрофии, принадлежит H. pylori. По мере прогрессирования атрофического гастрита в просвете желудка появляются другие бактериальные виды (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus anginosus), которые могут вызывать дополнительное повреждение и/или провоцировать канцерогенез. Повреждение желудочного эпителия сопровождается двумя вариантами ответа - поверхностным и гландулярным. В контексте патогенеза ХАГ большое значение имеет гландулярный ответ, характеризующийся медленным развитием и изменением структуры фундальных желез. Наиболее чувствительными к повреждению являются обкладочные клетки, гибель которых может осуществляться путем апоптоза, аутофагии, пироптоза и ферроптоза. Гибель обкладочных клеток запускает палигеноз - процесс ступенчатого превращения главных клеток в метапластические SPEM-клетки, которые на завершающем этапе вследствие активации mTOR пути приобретают способность к делению, а повторные циклы их де/редифференцировки способствуют накоплению онкогенных мутаций. При продолжающемся воздействии неблагоприятных факторов атрофия слизистой оболочки желудка переходит в следующий этап каскада Корреа - пилорическую метаплазию, затем в кишечную метаплазию и дисплазию. Современные методы исследования, включая секвенирование отдельных клеток, молекулярную визуализацию, использование органоидов позволяют идентифицировать основные молекулярные мишени, ответственные за регенеративные процессы в слизистой оболочке желудка. Стимуляция этих механизмов в ближайшее время может стать основой для патогенетического лечения ХАГ, направленного не только на устранение главных этиологических факторов и прекращение воспаления, но и регенерацию желудочных желез и восстановление секреторной функции.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases characterized by decreased thickness of the gastric mucosa, reduced number of gastric glands and moderate inflammation. The etiology of CAG is related to the adverse effects of two major factors, Helicobacter infection and autoimmune aggression. The leading initial role in the damage to the gastric mucosa, leading to long-term consequences in the form of atrophy, belongs to H. pylori. As atrophic gastritis progresses, other bacterial species (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus anginosus) appear in the gastric lumen and may cause additional damage and/or provoke carcinogenesis. Damage to the gastric epithelium is accompanied by two response patterns, superficial and glandular. In the context of CAG pathogenesis, the glandular response is of great importance, characterized by slow development and changes in the structure of the fundal glands. The most sensitive to damage are the lining cells, the death of which can be carried out by apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. The death of cladding cells triggers paligenosis - the process of stepwise transformation of the main cells into metaplastic SPEM-cells, which at the final stage due to the activation of mTOR pathway acquire the ability to divide, and repeated cycles of their de/redifferentiation contribute to the accumulation of oncogenic mutations. With continued exposure to unfavorable factors, gastric mucosal atrophy progresses to the next stage of the Correa cascade - pyloric metaplasia, then to intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. Modern research methods, including sequencing of individual cells, molecular imaging, and the use of organoids allow us to identify the main molecular targets responsible for regenerative processes in the gastric mucosa. Stimulation of these mechanisms in the nearest future may become the basis for pathogenetic treatment of CAG, aimed not only at elimination of the main etiologic factors and cessation of inflammation, but also at regeneration of gastric glands and restoration of secretory function.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронический атрофический гастрит</kwd><kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунный гастрит</kwd><kwd>атрофия</kwd><kwd>пилорическая метаплазия</kwd><kwd>кишечная метаплазия</kwd><kwd>репаративная регенерация</kwd><kwd>палигеноз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic atrophic gastritis</kwd><kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd><kwd>autoimmune gastritis</kwd><kwd>atrophy</kwd><kwd>pyloric metaplasia</kwd><kwd>intestinal metaplasia</kwd><kwd>reparative regeneration</kwd><kwd>paligenosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drapkina O.M., Kashin S.V., Kuvaev R.O. et al. 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