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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-8658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Global Media Technologies»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-226-6-47-56</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nogr-2799</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Аспекты диагностики эмбриональных опухолей центральной нервной системы у детей: что должен знать детский врач?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diagnostic aspects of pediatric embryonal tumors of the central nervous system: what should know pediatrician</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2003-0982</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Диникина</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dinikina</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">dinikinayulia@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-9568</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5391-3917</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осипов</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Osipov</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3475-1780</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спельников</surname><given-names>Д. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Spelnikov</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-1162</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Моргачева</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Morgacheva</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8607-3635</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Желудкова</surname><given-names>О. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zheludkova</surname><given-names>O. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7471-7181</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белогурова</surname><given-names>М. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belogurova</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4013-0785</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитина</surname><given-names>И. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitina</surname><given-names>I. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В. А. Алмазова» МЗ РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>”Almazov National Medical Research Centre” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Санкт-Петербургское отделение Математического института им. В. А. Стеклова» РАН Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg Department of V. A. Steklov Mathematical Institute of RAS; Saint-Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ТОО «Darwin Tech Labs»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Darwin Tech Labs</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Научно-практический центр специализированной медицинской помощи им. В. Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого ДЗМ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.F. Voino-Yasenetskiy Scientific and Practical Center of Specialized Healthсare for Children of the Department of Health of Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>56</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Диникина Ю.В., Смирнова А.Ю., Осипов Н.Н., Спельников Д.М., Моргачева Д.А., Желудкова О.Г., Белогурова М.Б., Никитина И.Л., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Диникина Ю.В., Смирнова А.Ю., Осипов Н.Н., Спельников Д.М., Моргачева Д.А., Желудкова О.Г., Белогурова М.Б., Никитина И.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dinikina Y.V., Smirnova A.Y., Osipov N.N., Spelnikov D.M., Morgacheva D.A., Zheludkova O.G., Belogurova M.B., Nikitina I.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/2799">https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/2799</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность. Ранняя диагностика опухолей ЦНС у детей имеет важное значение в отношении прогноза по заболеванию, а также отдаленных исходов лечения, определяющих последующее качество жизни. Преобладание эмбриональных опухолей (ЭО) в раннем детском возрасте, в наибольшей степени, актуализирует проблему своевременной верификации диагноза. К факторам, способствующим удлинению сроков диагностики у представленной когорты пациентов, относятся невозможность адекватной вербализации жалоб маленькими детьми, широкий спектр клинических проявлений, в том числе неспецифических, относительно невысокая встречаемость ЭО в популяции и низкий уровень онкологической настороженности специалистов. Это определяет необходимость более внимательной оценки клинической картины и ассоциированных симптомов заболевания врачами всех специальностей и, особенно специалистами первичного звена здравоохранения. Цель исследования. Анализ клинических симптомов в дебюте заболевания у детей с ЭО ЦНС с целью определения их ассоциаций с характеристиками опухолевого процесса (локализация, нозология) и особенностями пациента. Материалы и методы. Выполнен ретроспективный анализ данных 124 пациентов детского возраста с ЭО ЦНС, которые получали лечение в период с 2010 по 2023 год в отделениях детской онкологии ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В. А. Алмазова» и ГБУЗ «СПб КНпЦСВМП(о) им. Н. П. Напалкова». Анализируемыми параметрами были возраст появления первичных жалоб, симптомы болезни на момент манифестации, длительность анамнеза и периода до верификации диагноза, локализация и гистологического тип опухолей. Для статистического анализа применялись точный тест Фишера, модифицированный критерий Пирсона, критерии Краскела-Уоллиса и Манна-Уитни, а также (для оценки длительности анамнеза) модель Кокса. Результаты. Самым частым вариантом ЭО ЦНС в исследуемой группе была медуллобластома (МБ; 66,1%). Средний возраст пациентов по совокупности нозологий составил 61 месяц, преобладали мальчики (58%). Медиана возраста варьировалась в зависимости от гистологического типа опухоли, при этом максимальная на момент постановки диагноза была у пациентов с медуллобластомой - 72 месяца, наименьшая у детей с атипической тератоидно-рабдоидной опухолью (АТРО) - 9 месяцев. Обе медианы значимо отличаются от медианы (29 месяцев) для совокупности всех остальных опухолей (p = 6.53 ∙ 10-4 и p = 0.029, соответственно). Наиболее частыми симптомами у пациентов с ЭО были тошнота и рвота (68%), головная боль (50%) и нарушения походки (25,6%). Среди пациентов с ЭО с младшим возрастом ассоциировались такие симптомы, как увеличение окружности головы/выбухание родничка (p = 0.0016) и кривошея (p = 0.0057), а со старшим возрастом - головная боль (p = 1.30 ∙ 10-9), тошнота и рвота (p = 0.019), диплопия (p = 0.0057), потеря массы тела (p = 0.017) и головокружение (p = 0.013). При этом головная боль выявлялась значимо чаще при медуллобластоме (p = 2.60 ∙ 10-4) по сравнению с другими ЭО, и значимо реже при АТРО (p = 1.51 ∙ 10-4), что может быть связано с возрастом пациентов. Выбухание родничка при медуллобластоме, в отличие от других ЭО, не наблюдалось, что также связано с возрастом. Судороги наблюдались при всех случаях нейробластомы ЦНС - значимо чаще (p = 0.034), чем при других ЭО. Наиболее частой локализацией опухолей была задняя черепная ямка (ЗЧЯ) (83,6%). В когорте пациентов с ЭО локализация в ЗЧЯ ассоциировалась с головной болью (p = 0.05, пограничная значимость) и тошнотой/рвотой (p = 0.040), а локализация в теменной области - с судорогами (p = 0.041). У 4 пациентов в когорте имела место бессимптомная манифестация заболевания и диагноз был установлен при плановом обследовании. Отсутствие симптомов ассоциировалось с локализацией вне ЗЧЯ (p = 0.011) и с младшим возрастом (p = 0.053, пограничная значимость). Диагноз устанавливался в достоверно более короткие сроки при наличии у детей таких симптомов как тошнота и рвота (p=0.0017), парезы и параличи (p=0.0059). Заключение. У пациентов с ЭО ЦНС выявляются статистически достоверные взаимосвязи между возрастом, гистологическим типом опухоли, локализацией опухоли и некоторыми симптомами. Тот факт, что симптомы, наиболее часто встречающиеся в исследуемой когорте, не являются строго специфичными для опухолей ЦНС, определяет показания к внимательной оценке соматического и неврологического статуса ребенка и своевременному проведению нейровизуализации у детей при выявлении даже потенциальных симптомов, характерных для опухолей ЦНС.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Early identification of pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors is important in relation to disease prognosis, as well as long-term treatment outcomes, which determine subsequent quality of life. The predominance of embryonal tumors (ETs) in early childhood actualizes the problem of timely verification of the diagnosis. Factors contributing to the extension of diagnostic time in the presented patient’s cohort include the inability to adequately verbalize complaints in young children, a wide range of clinical presentations, including nonspecific ones, the relatively low incidence of ET in the population and the low level of oncological alertness among specialists. This determines the need for a more careful assessment of the clinical manifestations and disease-associated symptoms by doctors of all specialties and, especially, primary care specialists. Aim. Analysis of clinical symptoms at the disease’s onset in pediatric CNS ET in order to determine their associations with the tumor’s characteristics (site, hystologic type) and the patient’s features. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of data from 124 pediatric patients with CNS ET who received treatment from 2010 to 2023 in the departments of pediatric oncology of the Almazov National Medical Research Center and the St. Petersburg Scientific Research Center for Medical Sciences (o) named after. N. P. Napalkov. The analyzed parameters were the age of manifestation, initial symptoms, duration of the anamnesis and the period before verification of the diagnosis, localization and histological type of tumors. For statistical analysis, Fisher’s exact test, modified Pearson test, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, as well as (to assess the duration of anamnesis) the Cox model were used. Results. The most common type of CNS ET in the study group was medulloblastoma (MB; 66.1%). The average age of patients, in general, was 61 months, boys predominated (58%). The median age varied depending on the histological tumor type: the maximum was 72 months in patients with medulloblastoma and the minimum was 9 months in children with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT). Both medians are significantly different from the total median (29 months) of all other tumors (p = 6.53 ∙ 10-4 and p = 0.029, respectively). The most frequent symptoms in patients with ET were nausea and vomiting (68%), headache (50%), and gait disturbances (25.6%). Increased head circumference/bulging fontanel (p = 0.0016) and torticollis (p = 0.0057) were the most common symptoms associated with younger age. Headache (p = 1.30 ∙ 10-9), nausea and vomiting (p = 0.019), diplopia (p = 0.0057), weight loss (p = 0.017) and dizziness (p = 0.013) were associated with older age. Headache was predominated symptom in medulloblastoma (p = 2.60 ∙ 10-4) compared to other ETs, and less common in ATRT (p = 1.51 ∙ 10-4), which may be due to the patient’s age. Fontanel bulging in medulloblastoma, unlike other ET, was not observed, which is also associated with age. Seizures were observed in all cases of CNS neuroblastoma - significantly more often (p = 0.034) than in other ETs. The most common tumor location was the posterior cranial fossa (PCF) (83.6%). PCF localization was associated with headache (p = 0.05, borderline significance) and nausea/vomiting (p = 0.040). Parietal localization was associated with seizures (p = 0.041). Four patients in the cohort had asymptomatic disease’s manifestations. The diagnosis was established by a routine screening examination. The absence of symptoms was associated with location outside the PCF (p = 0.011) and with younger age (p = 0.053, borderline significance). The diagnosis was established in a significantly shorter time if children had symptoms such as nausea and vomiting (p=0.0017), paresis and paralysis (p=0.0059). Conclusion. In patients with CNS ETs, statistically significant relationships are revealed between age, histological type, tumor site and certain symptoms. Nevertheless, the absence of strictly specific clinical manifestation determines the indications for a careful assessment of the pediatric somatic and neurological status and timely neuroimaging in children when even potential symptoms typical for CNS tumors are identified.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>детская онкология</kwd><kwd>опухоли центральной нервной системы</kwd><kwd>симптомы</kwd><kwd>медуллобластома</kwd><kwd>АТРО</kwd><kwd>ранняя диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>pediatric oncology</kwd><kwd>tumors of central nervous system</kwd><kwd>symptoms</kwd><kwd>medulloblastoma</kwd><kwd>ATRT</kwd><kwd>early diagnostics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ostrom Q. T., Cioffi G., Waite K. et al. 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