<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-8658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Global Media Technologies»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-207-11-86-93</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nogr-2192</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МИКРОБИОЦЕНОЗЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MICROBIOCENOSES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сопряженность применения синбиотика Максилак® с тяжестью и продолжительностью течения COVID-19 при амбулаторном лечении</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The conjugacy of the use of synbiotic Maxilac® with the severity and duration of the course of COVID-19 in outpatient treatment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6310-9199</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солдатова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Soldatova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">olgasolda@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4048-6458</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горянская</surname><given-names>И. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goryanskaya</surname><given-names>I. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7384-9705</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарьян</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaharyan</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4595-8357</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванченко</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanchenko</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт «Медицинская академия имени С. И. Георгиевского» Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Крымский Федеральный Университет имени В. И. Вернадского»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute “Medical Academy named after S. I. Georgievsky” FGАOU VO “СFU named after V. I. Vernadsky”<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>86</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Солдатова О.В., Горянская И.Я., Захарьян Е.А., Иванченко В.С., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Солдатова О.В., Горянская И.Я., Захарьян Е.А., Иванченко В.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Soldatova O.V., Goryanskaya I.Y., Zaharyan E.A., Ivanchenko V.S.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/2192">https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/2192</self-uri><abstract><p>Несмотря на массовую иммунизацию населения, тотальное распространение пандемии COVID-19 в очередной раз заставило усомниться ученых всего мира в эффективности существующих на данный момент способов профилактики и лечения новой коронавирусной инфекции. Обоснованием потенциально нового подхода к превентивной адъювантной терапии COVID-19 с использованием пробиотических штаммов бактерий послужило существование двунаправленной оси «кишечник-легкие», которая осуществляет взаимодействие между этими органами посредством гематогенно транспортируемых растворимых микробных метаболитов. Целью исследования явилось изучить взаимосвязь между коррекцией кишечной микробиоты посредством применения поликомпонентного синбиотика Максилак® и клинико-лабораторными маркерами тяжести течения новой коронавирусной инфекции. В открытом проспективном наблюдательном исследовании 60 пациентов с подтвержденным диагнозом COVID-19, среднетяжелой формой течения и наличием гастроинтестинальных симптомов были разделены на 2 группы: 1-й проводили амбулаторное комплексное стандартное лечение с добавлением синбиотика Максилак®, 2-й - без добавления. У всех пациентов 1 группы отмечена положительная динамика клинико-лабораторных показателей тяжести течения COVID-19, по сравнению со 2 группой, где 2 пациентам понадобилась госпитализация в связи с утяжелением течения инфекции. Выявлено сокращение длительности клинических симптомов и продолжительности амбулаторного лечения у группы пациентов, принимающих Максилак®. Динамика клиническо-лабораторных показателей, отражающих течение COVID-19, указывает на эффективность применения синбиотика Максилак® в качестве адъювантной терапии, и дает возможность рекомендовать его к использованию в комплексном лечении пациентов с новой коронавирусной инфекцией.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite the mass population immunization, the total spread of the COVID-19 pandemic once again made scientists around the world doubt the effectiveness of currently existing methods of prevention and treatment of a novel coronavirus infection. The rationale for a potentially new approach to the preventive therapy of COVID-19 using probiotic bacterial strains was the presence of a bidirectional “gut-lung” axis, which interacts between these organs through transported soluble microbial metabolites in blood. The study aimed to determine the relationship between the correction of the gut microbiota with the polycomponent synbiotic Maxilac® and clinical and laboratory markers of the severity of the new coronavirus infection. During the open-label, prospective, observational study 60 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, a moderate severity and the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms were divided into 2 groups: the 1st performed the outpatient complex standard treatment with the addition of synbiotic, the 2nd - without addition. All patients of group 1 showed positive dynamics of clinical and laboratory indicators of COVID-19 severity, compared with group 2, where 2 patients needed hospitalization due to the aggravation of the course of novel coronavirus infection. A reduction in the duration of clinical symptoms and the duration of outpatient treatment was revealed in a group of patients taking Maxilac®. The dynamics of clinical and laboratory indicators reflecting the course of COVID-19 indicate the effectiveness of symbiotic’s usage as adjuvant therapy and the possibility of recommending its use in the complex treatment of patients with a novel coronavirus infection.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кишечная микробиота</kwd><kwd>синбиотик</kwd><kwd>пробиотики</kwd><kwd>Максилак®</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gut microbiota</kwd><kwd>synbiotic</kwd><kwd>probiotic</kwd><kwd>Maxilac®</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harvey W. T., Carabelli A. M., Jackson B., et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(7):409-424. doi: 10.1038/s41579-021-00573-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harvey W. T., Carabelli A. M., Jackson B., et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(7):409-424. doi: 10.1038/s41579-021-00573-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salim S. Abdool Karim, Quarraisha Abdool Karim Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398(10317):2126-2128, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02758-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salim S. Abdool Karim, Quarraisha Abdool Karim Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398(10317):2126-2128, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02758-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fontanet A, Autran B, Lina B, Kieny MP, Abdool Karim SS, Sridhar D SARS-CoV-2 variants and ending the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;397:952-954. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00370-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fontanet A, Autran B, Lina B, Kieny MP, Abdool Karim SS, Sridhar D SARS-CoV-2 variants and ending the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;397:952-954. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00370-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Temporary guidelines [Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19)]. Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Version 14. 12/27/2021; 40-41. (in Russ.)@@ Временные методические рекомендации «Профилактика, диагностика и лечение новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19)». Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Версия 14. 27.12.2021; 40-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Temporary guidelines [Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19)]. Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Version 14. 12/27/2021; 40-41. (in Russ.)@@ Временные методические рекомендации «Профилактика, диагностика и лечение новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19)». Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Версия 14. 27.12.2021; 40-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiao F., Tang M., Zheng X., Liu Y., Li X., Shan H. Evidence for Gastrointestinal Infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1831-1833. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiao F., Tang M., Zheng X., Liu Y., Li X., Shan H. Evidence for Gastrointestinal Infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1831-1833. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao Q.Y., Chen Y. X., Fang J. Y. 2019 novel coronavirus infection and gastrointestinal tract. J Dig Dis. 2020;21:125-26.doi: 10.1111/1751-2980.12851. 40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao Q.Y., Chen Y. X., Fang J. Y. 2019 novel coronavirus infection and gastrointestinal tract. J Dig Dis. 2020;21:125-26.doi: 10.1111/1751-2980.12851. 40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuo T., Zhang F., Lui G. C.Y., Yeoh Y. K., Li A. Y.L., Zhan H., et al. Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(3):944-955.е8. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.048</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuo T., Zhang F., Lui G. C.Y., Yeoh Y. K., Li A. Y.L., Zhan H., et al. Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(3):944-955.е8. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.048</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conte L, Maurizio Toraldo D. Targeting the gut-lung microbiota axis using a high-fibre diet and probiotics may have anti-inflammatory effects in COVID-19 infection. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2020;14:1-5. doi: 10.1177/1753466620937170 39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conte L, Maurizio Toraldo D. Targeting the gut-lung microbiota axis using a high-fibre diet and probiotics may have anti-inflammatory effects in COVID-19 infection. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2020;14:1-5. doi: 10.1177/1753466620937170 39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aktas B., Aslim B. Gut-lung axis and dysbiosis in COVID-19. Turk J Biol. 2020 Jun 21;44 (3):265-72. doi: 10.3906/biy-2005-102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aktas B., Aslim B. Gut-lung axis and dysbiosis in COVID-19. Turk J Biol. 2020 Jun 21;44 (3):265-72. doi: 10.3906/biy-2005-102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bradley K.C., Finsterbusch K., Schnepf D., Crotta, S., Llorian M., Davidson S., et al. Microbiota-Driven Tonic Interferon Signals in Lung Stromal Cells Protect from Influenza Virus Infection. Cell Rep. 2019;28(1):245-256.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bradley K.C., Finsterbusch K., Schnepf D., Crotta, S., Llorian M., Davidson S., et al. Microbiota-Driven Tonic Interferon Signals in Lung Stromal Cells Protect from Influenza Virus Infection. Cell Rep. 2019;28(1):245-256.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benedetta B., Vincenzo C., Erasmo N. Probiotics and Covid-19.Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2021;72(3):293-299. doi: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1807475.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benedetta B., Vincenzo C., Erasmo N. Probiotics and Covid-19.Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2021;72(3):293-299. doi: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1807475.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozhevnikov A. A., Raskina K. V., Martynova E. Yu., et al.Intestinal microbiota: current views on the species composition, function and research methods. RMZh. 2017;17:1244-1247. (in Russ.)@@ Кожевников А. А., Раскина К. В., Мартынова Е. Ю., и др. Кишечная микробиота: современные представления о видовом составе, функции и методах исследования. РМЖ. 2017;17:1244-1247.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozhevnikov A. A., Raskina K. V., Martynova E. Yu., et al.Intestinal microbiota: current views on the species composition, function and research methods. RMZh. 2017;17:1244-1247. (in Russ.)@@ Кожевников А. А., Раскина К. В., Мартынова Е. Ю., и др. Кишечная микробиота: современные представления о видовом составе, функции и методах исследования. РМЖ. 2017;17:1244-1247.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neish А. Microbes in Gastrointestinal Health and Disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;136: 65-80. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.080.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neish А. Microbes in Gastrointestinal Health and Disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;136: 65-80. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.080.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ladodo K. S., Borovik T. E., V. A. Skvortsova. Use of pro- and prebiotic action products in baby food. Questions of modern pediatrics. 2006:5(6):64-69 (in Russ.)@@ Ладодо К.С, Боровик Т.Э, В. А. Скворцова. Использование продуктов про- и пребиотического действия в детском питании. Вопросы современной педиатрии 2006;5(6):64-69</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ladodo K. S., Borovik T. E., V. A. Skvortsova. Use of pro- and prebiotic action products in baby food. Questions of modern pediatrics. 2006:5(6):64-69 (in Russ.)@@ Ладодо К.С, Боровик Т.Э, В. А. Скворцова. Использование продуктов про- и пребиотического действия в детском питании. Вопросы современной педиатрии 2006;5(6):64-69</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreeva I. V. The effectiveness of probiotics for infections of the gastrointestinal tract. Doctor.Ru. Gastroenterology. 2015;12(113):34-41. (in Russ.)@@ Андреева И. В. Эффективность пробиотиков при инфекциях желудочно-кишечного тракта. Доктор. Ру. Гастроэнтерология.2015;12(113):34-41</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreeva I. V. The effectiveness of probiotics for infections of the gastrointestinal tract. Doctor.Ru. Gastroenterology. 2015;12(113):34-41. (in Russ.)@@ Андреева И. В. Эффективность пробиотиков при инфекциях желудочно-кишечного тракта. Доктор. Ру. Гастроэнтерология.2015;12(113):34-41</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mirzoyan A. Probiotics and more. Overview of the probiotic market following the results of the 1st half of 2016. Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2016;33(862):18-19. (in Russ.)@@ Мирзоян А. Пробиотики и не только. Обзор рынка пробиотиков по итогам 1-го полугодия 2016 года. Фармацевтический вестник. 2016;33(862):18-19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mirzoyan A. Probiotics and more. Overview of the probiotic market following the results of the 1st half of 2016. Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2016;33(862):18-19. (in Russ.)@@ Мирзоян А. Пробиотики и не только. Обзор рынка пробиотиков по итогам 1-го полугодия 2016 года. Фармацевтический вестник. 2016;33(862):18-19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreeva I. V., Dovgan E. V., Stetsyuk O. U. The use of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in children. J.International medicine. Pediatrics / Neonatology. 2016; 2, no.6(23):47-52 (in Russ.)@@ Андреева И. В., Довгань Е. В., Стецюк О. У. Применение пробиотиков для профилактики и лечения инфекционных заболеваний у детей. Ж. Международной медицины. Педиатрия/Неонатология. 2016; 2№ 6(23):47-52</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreeva I. V., Dovgan E. V., Stetsyuk O. U. The use of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in children. J.International medicine. Pediatrics / Neonatology. 2016; 2, no.6(23):47-52 (in Russ.)@@ Андреева И. В., Довгань Е. В., Стецюк О. У. Применение пробиотиков для профилактики и лечения инфекционных заболеваний у детей. Ж. Международной медицины. Педиатрия/Неонатология. 2016; 2№ 6(23):47-52</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plotnikova E. Yu., Zakharova Yu. V. When to Prescribe an Effective Probiotic. RMZh. 2018;7(I):24-25. (in Russ.)@@ Плотникова Е. Ю., Захарова Ю. В. Когда нужно назначить эффективный пробиотик. РМЖ. Медицинское обозрение.2018; 7(I):24-25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plotnikova E. Yu., Zakharova Yu. V. When to Prescribe an Effective Probiotic. RMZh. 2018;7(I):24-25. (in Russ.)@@ Плотникова Е. Ю., Захарова Ю. В. Когда нужно назначить эффективный пробиотик. РМЖ. Медицинское обозрение.2018; 7(I):24-25</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evdokimova A. G., Zhukolenko L. V., Ivanova T. B., Stryuk R. I. Correction of intestinal microflora synbiotic Maxilac. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2019;166(6):62-69. (In Russ.) doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-166-6-62-69.@@ Евдокимова А. Г., Жуколенко Л. В., Иванова Т. Б., Стрюк Р. И. Коррекция микрофлоры кишечника синбиотиком Максилак. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2019;166(6):62-69. doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-166-6-62-69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evdokimova A. G., Zhukolenko L. V., Ivanova T. B., Stryuk R. I. Correction of intestinal microflora synbiotic Maxilac. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2019;166(6):62-69. (In Russ.) doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-166-6-62-69.@@ Евдокимова А. Г., Жуколенко Л. В., Иванова Т. Б., Стрюк Р. И. Коррекция микрофлоры кишечника синбиотиком Максилак. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2019;166(6):62-69. doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-166-6-62-69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levy, M.; Thaiss, C.A.; Elinav, E. Metabolites: Messengers between the Microbiota and the Immune System. Genes Dev. 2016;30:1589-1597. doi: 10.1101/gad.284091.116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levy, M.; Thaiss, C.A.; Elinav, E. Metabolites: Messengers between the Microbiota and the Immune System. Genes Dev. 2016;30:1589-1597. doi: 10.1101/gad.284091.116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sittipo, P.; Shim, J.; Lee, Y. Microbial Metabolites Determine Host Health and the Status of Some Diseases.Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019;20:5296. doi: 10.3390/ijms20215296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sittipo, P.; Shim, J.; Lee, Y. Microbial Metabolites Determine Host Health and the Status of Some Diseases.Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019;20:5296. doi: 10.3390/ijms20215296.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Postler, T.S.; Ghosh, S. Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System. Cell Metab. 2017;26:110-130. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.05.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Postler, T.S.; Ghosh, S. Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System. Cell Metab. 2017;26:110-130. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.05.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng, L.; Kelly, C.J.; Battista, K.D.; Schaefer, R.; Lanis, J.M.; Alexeev, E.E.; Wang, R.X.; Onyiah, J.C.; Kominsky, D.J.; Colgan, S. P. Microbial-Derived Butyrate Promotes Epithelial Barrier Function through IL-10 Receptor-Dependent Repression of Claudin-2. J. Immunol. 2017;199:2976-2984. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700105</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng, L.; Kelly, C.J.; Battista, K.D.; Schaefer, R.; Lanis, J.M.; Alexeev, E.E.; Wang, R.X.; Onyiah, J.C.; Kominsky, D.J.; Colgan, S. P. Microbial-Derived Butyrate Promotes Epithelial Barrier Function through IL-10 Receptor-Dependent Repression of Claudin-2. J. Immunol. 2017;199:2976-2984. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700105</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haak, B.W.; Littmann, E.R.; Chaubard, J.-L.; Pickard, A.J.; Fontana, E.; Adhi, F.; Gyaltshen, Y.; Ling, L.; Morjaria, S.M.; Peled, J.U.; et al. Impact of Gut Colonization with Butyrate Producing Microbiota on Respiratory Viral Infection Following Allo-HCT. Blood 2018. doi: 10.1182/blood-2018-01-828996</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haak, B.W.; Littmann, E.R.; Chaubard, J.-L.; Pickard, A.J.; Fontana, E.; Adhi, F.; Gyaltshen, Y.; Ling, L.; Morjaria, S.M.; Peled, J.U.; et al. Impact of Gut Colonization with Butyrate Producing Microbiota on Respiratory Viral Infection Following Allo-HCT. Blood 2018. doi: 10.1182/blood-2018-01-828996</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steed, A.L.; Christophi, G.P.; Kaiko, G.E.; Sun, L.; Goodwin, V.M.; Jain, U.; Esaulova, E.; Artyomov, M.N.; Morales, D.J.; Holtzman, M.J.; et al. The Microbial Metabolite Desaminotyrosine Protects from Influenza through Type I Interferon. Science.2017;357:498-502.doi: 10.1126/science.aam5336</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steed, A.L.; Christophi, G.P.; Kaiko, G.E.; Sun, L.; Goodwin, V.M.; Jain, U.; Esaulova, E.; Artyomov, M.N.; Morales, D.J.; Holtzman, M.J.; et al. The Microbial Metabolite Desaminotyrosine Protects from Influenza through Type I Interferon. Science.2017;357:498-502.doi: 10.1126/science.aam5336</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lobel, L.; Garrett, W. S. Take DAT, Flu! Immunity 2017;47:400-402. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobel, L.; Garrett, W. S. Take DAT, Flu! Immunity 2017;47:400-402. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dang, A.T.; Marsland, B. J. Microbes, Metabolites, and the Gut-Lung Axis. Mucosal Immunol. 2019;12:843-850 doi: 10.1038/s41385-019-0160-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dang, A.T.; Marsland, B. J. Microbes, Metabolites, and the Gut-Lung Axis. Mucosal Immunol. 2019;12:843-850 doi: 10.1038/s41385-019-0160-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anand, S.; Mande, S. S. Diet, Microbiota and Gut-Lung Connection. Front. Microbiol. 2018; 9:2147. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anand, S.; Mande, S. S. Diet, Microbiota and Gut-Lung Connection. Front. Microbiol. 2018; 9:2147. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fernández, J.; Redondo-Blanco, S.; Gutiérrez-del-Río, I.; Miguélez, E.M.; Villar, C.J.; Lombó, F. Colon Microbiota Fermentation of Dietary Prebiotics towards Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Roles as Anti-Inflammatory and Antitumour Agents: A Review. J. Funct. Foods 2016; 25:511-522. doi: 10.3390/molecules25235542</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fernández, J.; Redondo-Blanco, S.; Gutiérrez-del-Río, I.; Miguélez, E.M.; Villar, C.J.; Lombó, F. Colon Microbiota Fermentation of Dietary Prebiotics towards Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Roles as Anti-Inflammatory and Antitumour Agents: A Review. J. Funct. Foods 2016; 25:511-522. doi: 10.3390/molecules25235542</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gou, W.; Fu, Y.; Yue, L.; et al. Gut Microbiota May Underlie the Predisposition of Healthy Individuals to COVID-19. medRxiv 2020. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10020296</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gou, W.; Fu, Y.; Yue, L.; et al. Gut Microbiota May Underlie the Predisposition of Healthy Individuals to COVID-19. medRxiv 2020. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10020296</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dhar, D.; Mohanty, A. Gut Microbiota and Covid-19- Possible Link and Implications. Virus Res. 2020;285:198018. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dhar, D.; Mohanty, A. Gut Microbiota and Covid-19- Possible Link and Implications. Virus Res. 2020;285:198018. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuo, T.; Zhang, F.; Lui, G.C.Y.; et al. Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization. Gastroenterology 2020;159:944-955 doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.048</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuo, T.; Zhang, F.; Lui, G.C.Y.; et al. Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization. Gastroenterology 2020;159:944-955 doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.048</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yeoh, Y.K.; Zuo, T.; Lui, G.C.-Y.; Zhang, F.; et al. Gut Microbiota Composition Reflects Disease Severity and Dysfunctional Immune Responses in Patients with COVID-19. Gut 2021;70:698-706. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yeoh, Y.K.; Zuo, T.; Lui, G.C.-Y.; Zhang, F.; et al. Gut Microbiota Composition Reflects Disease Severity and Dysfunctional Immune Responses in Patients with COVID-19. Gut 2021;70:698-706. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sokol, H.; Contreras, V.; Maisonnasse, P.; et al. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Nonhuman Primates Alters the Composition and Functional Activity of the Gut Microbiota. Gut Microbes 2021;13:1-19. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1893113</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokol, H.; Contreras, V.; Maisonnasse, P.; et al. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Nonhuman Primates Alters the Composition and Functional Activity of the Gut Microbiota. Gut Microbes 2021;13:1-19. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1893113</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
