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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-8658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Global Media Technologies»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-202-6-157-164</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nogr-2108</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Теоретические и практические аспекты пищевой аллергии ХХI века. EAACI 2021</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Theoretical and practical aspects of food allergy in the XXI century. EAACI 2021</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-897X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нестеренко</surname><given-names>Зоя Васильевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nesterenko</surname><given-names>Z. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">zvnesterenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-7280</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хавкин</surname><given-names>Анатолий Ильич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khavkin</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ МО Научно- исследовательский клинический институт детства Министерства здравоохранения Московской области»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Clinical Institute of Childhood of the Moscow Region»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>157</fpage><lpage>164</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Нестеренко З.В., Хавкин А.И., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нестеренко З.В., Хавкин А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nesterenko Z.V., Khavkin A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/2108">https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/2108</self-uri><abstract><p>Высокий уровень заболеваемости пищевой аллергией (ПА), рост тяжелых клинических случаев, несмотря на достигнутые успехи в изучении этой патологии, вызывает необходимость разработки новых методик диагностики, лечения и профилактики пищевой аллергии. На конгрессе Европейской академии аллергологии и клинической иммунологии (EAACI) 2021 г. были рассмотрены актуальные проблемы аллергологии и иммунологии: влияние на формирование ПА факторов окружающей среды (воздействия микропластика в загрязнении пищи с последующим развитием аллергических заболеваний; глобальное потепление, масштабная урбанизация), приводящих к нарушению баланса микробиоты макроорганизма, снижению её разнообразия с последующей неадекватной колонизацией кишечника и формированием ПА. Определение маркеров ПА с поиском ранее не выявленных аллергенов, вызывающих тяжелые аллергические реакции. Обсуждалась оценка факторов риска и биомаркеров степени тяжести ПА, а также значение компонентной диагностики, позволяющей прогнозировать ургентные аллергические реакции, определить показания к назначению АСИТ, максимально индивидуализировать лечение. Инновационные методики лечения были представлены использованием биологической терапии, ролью пре- и пробиотиков, фекальной терапией в коррекции микробиома; особенностями диеты, регулирующей состав кишечной микробиоты. В рассмотрении профилактики ПА внесены изменения в ранних рекомендациях EAACI по наблюдению за детьми первого года жизни, мониторинг состояния подростков с ПА.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>High prevalence of food allergy (FA), increasing frequency of severe cases despite the progress achieved in the study of this pathology makes it necessary to develop new methods for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of food allergies. At the Congress of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) 2021 current problems of allergology and immunology were considered, such as the influence of environmental factors on the development of FA, including the effects of microplastic contamination in food on development of allergic diseases, global warming, large-scale urbanization, that lead to an imbalance in the microbiota of the macroorganism, reduction in its diversity, followed by alterations in gut microbial colonization and the development of FA; determination of FA markers with detecting previously unidentified allergens that cause severe allergic reactions. Assessment of risk factors and biomarkers of the severity of FA was discussed, as well as the importance of component diagnostics, which allows predicting acute allergic reactions, determining indications for prescribing AIT, and maximizing individualization of treatment. Innovative treatment approaches were presented using biological therapy, the role of pre- and probiotics, fecal microbiota therapy in restoring the microbiome; features of the diet that regulates the gut microbiota. In considering the prevention of FA changes were made to the previous EAACI recommendations for monitoring children in the first year of life, monitoring the state of adolescents with FA.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пищевая аллергия</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>микробиом</kwd><kwd>молекулярная диагностика</kwd><kwd>биотерапия</kwd><kwd>профилактика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>food allergy</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>microbiome</kwd><kwd>molecular diagnostics</kwd><kwd>biotherapy</kwd><kwd>prevention</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muraro A., Halken S., Arshad S. 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