<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-8658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Global Media Technologies»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-203-7-211-223</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nogr-2031</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛЕКЦИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LECTION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клинико-диагностическое значение биомаркеров алкоголя</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical and diagnostic value of alcohol biomarkers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2129-8542</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иконникова</surname><given-names>Каролина Андреевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ikonnikova</surname><given-names>Karolina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">karolin.ikonnikova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8677-1946</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерощенко</surname><given-names>Николай Николаевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Eroshhenko</surname><given-names>Nikolay N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6589-7654</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ших</surname><given-names>Евгения Валерьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shikh</surname><given-names>Evgenia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0535-2916</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дроздов</surname><given-names>Владимир Николаевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Drozdov</surname><given-names>Vladimir N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University”, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>211</fpage><lpage>223</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Иконникова К.А., Ерощенко Н.Н., Ших Е.В., Дроздов В.Н., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иконникова К.А., Ерощенко Н.Н., Ших Е.В., Дроздов В.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ikonnikova K.A., Eroshhenko N.N., Shikh E.V., Drozdov V.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/2031">https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/2031</self-uri><abstract><p>Злоупотребление алкоголем вносит значительный негативный вклад в мировую статистику здравоохранения и является социально-значимой проблемой. В России алкоголь является одним из основных факторов смертности в нашей стране. Несмотря на сложившуюся ситуацию, существующие диагностические подходы к пациентам, у которых подозревается наличие злоупотребления алкоголем и ассоциированные с этим заболевания, не всегда позволяют определить непосредственный вклад алкоголя в тяжесть и прогноз течения этих заболеваний. Объективные диагностические инструменты выявления и мониторинга факта употребления алкоголя и его характера в клинической практике могут быть полезны с точки зрения управления заболеванием пациента. Кроме того, информирование пациента о возможностях подобной диагностики способно мотивировать его на отказ от приема алкоголя при дальнейшем лечении, тем самым улучшать прогноз заболевания. В настоящее время разработаны различные подходы к оценке факта и характера употребления алкоголя, в том числе непосредственное определение этанола в крови, но не все из них нашли свое широкое применение в клинической практике. В этой работе мы представили информацию об основных биомаркерах алкоголя, разработанных в настоящее время: аланинаминотрансфераза, аспартатаминотрансфераза, гамма-глютамилтранспептидаза, средний карпускулярный объем эритроцита, углеводдефицитный трансферрин, этилюглюкуронид и этилсульфат, фосфатидилэтанол, этиловые эфиры жирных кислот, описали их недостатки и преимущества с точки зрения применения в клинической практике. Не смотря на высокие показатели чувствительности и специфичности некоторых биомаркеров алкоголя, например, фосфатидилэтанола, результаты лабораторной оценки содержания биомаркеров алкоголя следует интерпретировать только в контексте всех соответствующих факторов, включая клиническую картину, историю болезни, психическое и физическое состояние здоровья пациента</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Alcohol abuse is a socially significant problem that makes a significant negative contribution to the world health statistics. Alcohol is one of the main factors of mortality in Russia. Despite the current situation, the existing diagnostic approaches to patients with possible alcohol abuse and alcohol-associated diseases do not always allow us to determine the direct contribution of alcohol to the severity and prognosis of the course of these diseases. Objective diagnostic tools for identifying and monitoring the fact of alcohol consumption and its pattern in clinical practice can be useful from the point of view of managing the patient’s disease. In addition, informing the patients about the possibilities of such a diagnosis can motivate them to refuse to take alcohol during further treatment, thereby improving the prognosis of the disease. Currently, various approaches have been developed to assess the fact and nature of alcohol consumption, including the direct determination of ethanol in the blood, but not all of them have found their wide application in clinical practice. In this review, we presented information about the main alcohol biomarkers currently developed: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, mean corpuscular volume, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, ethylglucuronide and ethylsulfate, phosphatidylethanol, ethyl esters of fatty acids, described their disadvantages and advantages in terms of application in clinical practice. Despite the high sensitivity and specificity of some alcohol biomarkers, for example, phosphatidylethanol, the results of laboratory assessment of the content of alcohol biomarkers should be interpreted only in the context of all relevant factors, including the clinical presentation, medical history, mental and physical health of the patient</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>биомаркеры алкоголя</kwd><kwd>углеводдефицитный трансферрин</kwd><kwd>фосфатидилэтанол</kwd><kwd>этилглюкуронид</kwd><kwd>этилсульфат</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>alcohol biomarkers</kwd><kwd>carbohydrate deficient transferrin</kwd><kwd>ethylglucuronide</kwd><kwd>ethylsulfate</kwd><kwd>phosphatidylethanol</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 [published correction appears in Lancet. 2018 Sep 29;392(10153):1116] [published correction appears in Lancet. 2019 Jun 22;393(10190): e44]. Lancet. 2018;392(10152):1015-1035. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 [published correction appears in Lancet. 2018 Sep 29;392(10153):1116] [published correction appears in Lancet. 2019 Jun 22;393(10190): e44]. Lancet. 2018;392(10152):1015-1035. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. World Health Organization, 2019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. World Health Organization, 2019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice.eu; European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1):154-181. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice.eu; European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1):154-181. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivashkin V. T., Mayevskaya M. V., Pavlov C. S., Sivolap Yu. P., Lunkov V. D., Zharkova M. S., Maslennikov R. V. Management of adult patients with alcoholic liver disease: clinical guidelines of the Russian Scientific Liver Society.Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2017;27(6):20-40. (In Russ.) doi: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-6-20-40. @@Ивашкин В. Т., Маевская М. В., Павлов Ч. С., Сиволап Ю. П., Луньков В. Д., Жаркова М. С., Масленников Р. В. Клинические рекомендации Российского общества по изучению печени по ведению взрослых пациентов с алкогольной болезнью печени. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2017;27(6):20-40. doi: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-6-20-40</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V. T., Mayevskaya M. V., Pavlov C. S., Sivolap Yu. P., Lunkov V. D., Zharkova M. S., Maslennikov R. V. Management of adult patients with alcoholic liver disease: clinical guidelines of the Russian Scientific Liver Society.Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2017;27(6):20-40. (In Russ.) doi: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-6-20-40. @@Ивашкин В. Т., Маевская М. В., Павлов Ч. С., Сиволап Ю. П., Луньков В. Д., Жаркова М. С., Масленников Р. В. Клинические рекомендации Российского общества по изучению печени по ведению взрослых пациентов с алкогольной болезнью печени. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2017;27(6):20-40. doi: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-6-20-40</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jastrzębska I, Zwolak A, Szczyrek M, Wawryniuk A, Skrzydło-Radomańska B, Daniluk J. Biomarkers of alcohol misuse: recent advances and future prospects. Prz Gastroenterol. 2016;11(2):78-89. doi:10.5114/pg.2016.60252</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jastrzębska I, Zwolak A, Szczyrek M, Wawryniuk A, Skrzydło-Radomańska B, Daniluk J. Biomarkers of alcohol misuse: recent advances and future prospects. Prz Gastroenterol. 2016;11(2):78-89. doi:10.5114/pg.2016.60252</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saunders J.B., Aasland O. G., Babor T. F., de la Fuente J. R., Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption - II. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791-804. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saunders J.B., Aasland O. G., Babor T. F., de la Fuente J. R., Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption - II. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791-804. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bradley K.A., Bush K. R., McDonell M.B., Malone T., Fihn S. D.; Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project. Screening for problem drinking: Comparison of CAGE and AUDIT. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13(6):379-388. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00118.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bradley K.A., Bush K. R., McDonell M.B., Malone T., Fihn S. D.; Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project. Screening for problem drinking: Comparison of CAGE and AUDIT. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13(6):379-388. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00118.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McNeely J., Strauss S. M., Wright S., et al. Test-retest reliability of a self-administered Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) in primary care patients. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2014;47(1):93-101. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.01.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McNeely J., Strauss S. M., Wright S., et al. Test-retest reliability of a self-administered Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) in primary care patients. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2014;47(1):93-101. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.01.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steinbauer J.R., Cantor S. B., Holzer C. E. 3rd, Volk R. J. Ethnic and sex bias in primary care screening tests for alcohol use disorders. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(5):353-362. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-129-5-199809010-00002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steinbauer J.R., Cantor S. B., Holzer C. E. 3rd, Volk R. J. Ethnic and sex bias in primary care screening tests for alcohol use disorders. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(5):353-362. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-129-5-199809010-00002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baggio S., Trächsel B., Rousson V., et al. Identifying an accurate self-reported screening tool for alcohol use disorder: evidence from a Swiss, male population-based assessment. Addiction. 2020;115(3):426-436. doi:10.1111/add.14864</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baggio S., Trächsel B., Rousson V., et al. Identifying an accurate self-reported screening tool for alcohol use disorder: evidence from a Swiss, male population-based assessment. Addiction. 2020;115(3):426-436. doi:10.1111/add.14864</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lange S., Shield K., Monteiro M., Rehm J. Facilitating Screening and Brief Interventions in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the AUDIT as an Indicator of Alcohol Use Disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019;43(10):2028-2037. doi:10.1111/acer.14171</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lange S., Shield K., Monteiro M., Rehm J. Facilitating Screening and Brief Interventions in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the AUDIT as an Indicator of Alcohol Use Disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019;43(10):2028-2037. doi:10.1111/acer.14171</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barinskaya Т. О., et al. Kinetics of ethanol in biological media. Forensic medicine. 2006;49(1): 27-32. (in Russ.) @@Баринская Т. О., и соавт. Кинетика этанола в биологических средах. Судебно-медицинская экспертиза. 2006;49(1): 27-32</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barinskaya Т. О., et al. Kinetics of ethanol in biological media. Forensic medicine. 2006;49(1): 27-32. (in Russ.) @@Баринская Т. О., и соавт. Кинетика этанола в биологических средах. Судебно-медицинская экспертиза. 2006;49(1): 27-32</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peterson Karen. Biomarkers for alcohol use and abuse: a summary. Alcohol Research &amp; Health. 2004;28(1): 30</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peterson Karen. Biomarkers for alcohol use and abuse: a summary. Alcohol Research &amp; Health. 2004;28(1): 30</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woźniak M.K., Wiergowski M., Namieśnik J., Biziuk M. Biomarkers of Alcohol Consumption in Body Fluids - Possibilities and Limitations of Application in Toxicological Analysis. Curr Med Chem. 2019;26(1):177-196. doi:10.2174/0929867324666171005111911</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woźniak M.K., Wiergowski M., Namieśnik J., Biziuk M. Biomarkers of Alcohol Consumption in Body Fluids - Possibilities and Limitations of Application in Toxicological Analysis. Curr Med Chem. 2019;26(1):177-196. doi:10.2174/0929867324666171005111911</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Staufer K., Yegles M. Biomarkers for detection of alcohol consumption in liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(14):3725-3734. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i14.3725</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Staufer K., Yegles M. Biomarkers for detection of alcohol consumption in liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(14):3725-3734. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i14.3725</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pratt D.S., Kaplan M. M. Evaluation of abnormal liver-enzyme results in asymptomatic patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(17):1266-1271. doi:10.1056/NEJM200004273421707</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pratt D.S., Kaplan M. M. Evaluation of abnormal liver-enzyme results in asymptomatic patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(17):1266-1271. doi:10.1056/NEJM200004273421707</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bianchi Vincenza, Alessia Raspagni, and Carlo Arfini. Emerging biomarkers of alcohol consumption: Clinical and forensic application. The Open Toxicology Journal. 2013; 6(Suppl 1, M4): 27-33</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bianchi Vincenza, Alessia Raspagni, and Carlo Arfini. Emerging biomarkers of alcohol consumption: Clinical and forensic application. The Open Toxicology Journal. 2013; 6(Suppl 1, M4): 27-33</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wurst F.M., Alling C., Aradottir S., et al. Emerging biomarkers: new directions and clinical applications. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29(3):465-473. doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000156082.08248.ab.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wurst F.M., Alling C., Aradottir S., et al. Emerging biomarkers: new directions and clinical applications. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29(3):465-473. doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000156082.08248.ab.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sillanaukee P., Massot N., Jousilahti P., et al. Dose response of laboratory markers to alcohol consumption in a general population. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152(8):747-751. doi:10.1093/aje/152.8.747.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sillanaukee P., Massot N., Jousilahti P., et al. Dose response of laboratory markers to alcohol consumption in a general population. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152(8):747-751. doi:10.1093/aje/152.8.747.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Devgun M.S., Dunbar J. A., Hagart J., Martin B. T., Ogston S. A. Effects of acute and varying amounts of alcohol consumption on alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1985;9(3):235-237. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05742.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Devgun M.S., Dunbar J. A., Hagart J., Martin B. T., Ogston S. A. Effects of acute and varying amounts of alcohol consumption on alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1985;9(3):235-237. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05742.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong M.H., Bettencourt R., Brenner D. A., Barrett-Connor E., Loomba R. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase decrease with age in longitudinal analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(3):285-90.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2011.10.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dong M.H., Bettencourt R., Brenner D. A., Barrett-Connor E., Loomba R. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase decrease with age in longitudinal analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(3):285-90.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2011.10.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">England K., Thorne C., Pembrey L., Tovo P. A., Newell M. L. Age- and sex-related reference ranges of alanine aminotransferase levels in children: European paediatric HCV network. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;49(1):71-77. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e31818fc63b.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">England K., Thorne C., Pembrey L., Tovo P. A., Newell M. L. Age- and sex-related reference ranges of alanine aminotransferase levels in children: European paediatric HCV network. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;49(1):71-77. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e31818fc63b.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kunutsor S. K. Gamma-glutamyltransferase-friend or foe within?. Liver Int. 2016;36(12):1723-1734. doi:10.1111/liv.13221.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kunutsor S. K. Gamma-glutamyltransferase-friend or foe within?. Liver Int. 2016;36(12):1723-1734. doi:10.1111/liv.13221.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alatalo P.I., Koivisto H. M., Hietala J. P., Puukka K. S., Bloigu R., Niemelä O. J. Effect of moderate alcohol consumption on liver enzymes increases with increasing body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(4):1097-1103. doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.4.1097.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alatalo P.I., Koivisto H. M., Hietala J. P., Puukka K. S., Bloigu R., Niemelä O. J. Effect of moderate alcohol consumption on liver enzymes increases with increasing body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(4):1097-1103. doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.4.1097.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whitehead T.P., Robinson D., Allaway S. L. The effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on serum liver enzyme activities: a dose-related study in men. Ann Clin Biochem. 1996;33 (Pt 6):530-535. doi:10.1177/000456329603300607.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whitehead T.P., Robinson D., Allaway S. L. The effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on serum liver enzyme activities: a dose-related study in men. Ann Clin Biochem. 1996;33 (Pt 6):530-535. doi:10.1177/000456329603300607.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ikeda M., Maki T., Yin G., et al. Relation of coffee consumption and serum liver enzymes in Japanese men and women with reference to effect modification of alcohol use and body mass index. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2010;70(3):171-179. doi:10.3109/00365511003650165.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ikeda M., Maki T., Yin G., et al. Relation of coffee consumption and serum liver enzymes in Japanese men and women with reference to effect modification of alcohol use and body mass index. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2010;70(3):171-179. doi:10.3109/00365511003650165.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klatsky A.L., Morton C., Udaltsova N., Friedman G. D. Coffee, cirrhosis, and transaminase enzymes. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(11):1190-1195. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klatsky A.L., Morton C., Udaltsova N., Friedman G. D. Coffee, cirrhosis, and transaminase enzymes. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(11):1190-1195. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dufour D.R., Lott J. A., Nolte F. S., Gretch D. R., Koff R. S., Seeff L. B. Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury. II. Recommendations for use of laboratory tests in screening, diagnosis, and monitoring. Clin Chem. 2000;46(12):2050-2068. doi:10.1093/clinchem/46.12.2050.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dufour D.R., Lott J. A., Nolte F. S., Gretch D. R., Koff R. S., Seeff L. B. Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury. II. Recommendations for use of laboratory tests in screening, diagnosis, and monitoring. Clin Chem. 2000;46(12):2050-2068. doi:10.1093/clinchem/46.12.2050.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Purkins L., Love E. R., Eve M. D., et al. The influence of diet upon liver function tests and serum lipids in healthy male volunteers resident in a Phase I unit. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57(2):199-208. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01969.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Purkins L., Love E. R., Eve M. D., et al. The influence of diet upon liver function tests and serum lipids in healthy male volunteers resident in a Phase I unit. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57(2):199-208. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01969.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urso, C., S. Brucculeri, and G. Caimi. Marked elevation of transaminases and pancreatic enzymes in severe malnourished male with eating disorder. Clin Ter. 2013;164(5): e387-e391. doi:10.7417/CT.2013.1619.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urso, C., S. Brucculeri, and G. Caimi. Marked elevation of transaminases and pancreatic enzymes in severe malnourished male with eating disorder. Clin Ter. 2013;164(5): e387-e391. doi:10.7417/CT.2013.1619.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lofthus D.M., Stevens S. R., Armstrong P. W., Granger C. B., Mahaffey K. W. Pattern of liver enzyme elevations in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Coron Artery Dis. 2012;23(1):22-30. doi:10.1097/MCA.0b013e32834e4ef1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lofthus D.M., Stevens S. R., Armstrong P. W., Granger C. B., Mahaffey K. W. Pattern of liver enzyme elevations in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Coron Artery Dis. 2012;23(1):22-30. doi:10.1097/MCA.0b013e32834e4ef1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krier M., Ahmed A. The asymptomatic outpatient with abnormal liver function tests. Clin Liver Dis. 2009;13(2):167-177. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2009.02.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krier M., Ahmed A. The asymptomatic outpatient with abnormal liver function tests. Clin Liver Dis. 2009;13(2):167-177. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2009.02.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bayraktar M., Van Thiel D. H. Abnormalities in measures of liver function and injury in thyroid disorders. Hepatogastroenterology. 1997;44(18):1614-1618.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bayraktar M., Van Thiel D. H. Abnormalities in measures of liver function and injury in thyroid disorders. Hepatogastroenterology. 1997;44(18):1614-1618.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahjoub F., Fereiduni R., Jahanzad I., Farahmand F., Monajemzadeh M., Najafi M. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Wilson’s Disease and Its Comparison with Other Laboratory Tests and Paraclinical Findings. Iran J Pediatr. 2012;22(1):52-56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahjoub F., Fereiduni R., Jahanzad I., Farahmand F., Monajemzadeh M., Najafi M. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Wilson’s Disease and Its Comparison with Other Laboratory Tests and Paraclinical Findings. Iran J Pediatr. 2012;22(1):52-56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eriksson C. J. The role of acetaldehyde in the actions of alcohol (update 2000). Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25(5 Suppl ISBRA):15S-32S. doi:10.1097/00000374-200105051-00005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eriksson C. J. The role of acetaldehyde in the actions of alcohol (update 2000). Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25(5 Suppl ISBRA):15S-32S. doi:10.1097/00000374-200105051-00005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clemens M.R., Kessler W., Schied H. W., Schupmann A., Waller H. D. Plasma and red cell lipids in alcoholics with macrocytosis. Clin Chim Acta. 1986;156(3):321-328. doi:10.1016/0009-8981(86)90075-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clemens M.R., Kessler W., Schied H. W., Schupmann A., Waller H. D. Plasma and red cell lipids in alcoholics with macrocytosis. Clin Chim Acta. 1986;156(3):321-328. doi:10.1016/0009-8981(86)90075-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keenan W. F. Jr. Macrocytosis as an indicator of human disease. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1989;2(4):252-256. PMID: 2801193.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keenan W. F. Jr. Macrocytosis as an indicator of human disease. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1989;2(4):252-256. PMID: 2801193.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horstman A.L., Serck S. L., Go R. S. Macrocytosis associated with monoclonal gammopathy. Eur J Haematol. 2005;75(2):146-149. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00441.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horstman A.L., Serck S. L., Go R. S. Macrocytosis associated with monoclonal gammopathy. Eur J Haematol. 2005;75(2):146-149. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00441.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Younes M., Dagher G. A., Dulanto J. V., Njeim M., Kuriakose P. Unexplained macrocytosis. South Med J. 2013;106(2):121-125. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3182824cdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Younes M., Dagher G. A., Dulanto J. V., Njeim M., Kuriakose P. Unexplained macrocytosis. South Med J. 2013;106(2):121-125. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3182824cdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aslinia F., Mazza J. J., Yale S. H. Megaloblastic anemia and other causes of macrocytosis [published correction appears in Clin Med Res. 2006 Dec;4(4):342]. Clin Med Res. 2006;4(3):236-241. doi:10.3121/cmr.4.3.236.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aslinia F., Mazza J. J., Yale S. H. Megaloblastic anemia and other causes of macrocytosis [published correction appears in Clin Med Res. 2006 Dec;4(4):342]. Clin Med Res. 2006;4(3):236-241. doi:10.3121/cmr.4.3.236.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tarasova, O.I., et al. Modern laboratory markers of alcohol consumption. Clinical pharmacology and therapy. 2007;16(1):10-15. @@Тарасова, О. И., и соавт. «Современные лабораторные маркеры употребления алкоголя.» Клиническая фармакология и терапия. 2007;16(1): 10-15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarasova, O.I., et al. Modern laboratory markers of alcohol consumption. Clinical pharmacology and therapy. 2007;16(1):10-15. @@Тарасова, О. И., и соавт. «Современные лабораторные маркеры употребления алкоголя.» Клиническая фармакология и терапия. 2007;16(1): 10-15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleming M., Mundt M. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: validity of a new alcohol biomarker in a sample of patients with diabetes and hypertension. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2004;17(4):247-255. doi:10.3122/jabfm.17.4.247.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleming M., Mundt M. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: validity of a new alcohol biomarker in a sample of patients with diabetes and hypertension. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2004;17(4):247-255. doi:10.3122/jabfm.17.4.247.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niemelä O. Biomarker-Based Approaches for Assessing Alcohol Use Disorders.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(2):166. Published 2016 Jan 27. doi:10.3390/ijerph13020166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niemelä O. Biomarker-Based Approaches for Assessing Alcohol Use Disorders.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(2):166. Published 2016 Jan 27. doi:10.3390/ijerph13020166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schellenberg F., Wielders J. P. Evaluation of capillary electrophoresis assay for CDT on SEBIA’s Capillarys System: intra and inter laboratory precision, reference interval and cut-off. Clin Chim Acta. 2010;411(23-24):1888-1893. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2010.07.015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schellenberg F., Wielders J. P. Evaluation of capillary electrophoresis assay for CDT on SEBIA’s Capillarys System: intra and inter laboratory precision, reference interval and cut-off. Clin Chim Acta. 2010;411(23-24):1888-1893. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2010.07.015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schröck A., Thierauf A., Wurst F. M., Thon N., Weinmann W. Progress in monitoring alcohol consumption and alcohol abuse by phosphatidylethanol. Bioanalysis. 2014;6(17):2285-2294. doi:10.4155/bio.14.195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schröck A., Thierauf A., Wurst F. M., Thon N., Weinmann W. Progress in monitoring alcohol consumption and alcohol abuse by phosphatidylethanol. Bioanalysis. 2014;6(17):2285-2294. doi:10.4155/bio.14.195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bergström J.P., Helander A. Influence of alcohol use, ethnicity, age, gender, BMI and smoking on the serum transferrin glycoform pattern: implications for use of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as alcohol biomarker. Clin Chim Acta. 2008;388(1-2):59-67. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2007.10.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bergström J.P., Helander A. Influence of alcohol use, ethnicity, age, gender, BMI and smoking on the serum transferrin glycoform pattern: implications for use of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as alcohol biomarker. Clin Chim Acta. 2008;388(1-2):59-67. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2007.10.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bergström J.P., Helander A. Clinical characteristics of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%disialotransferrin) measured by HPLC: sensitivity, specificity, gender effects, and relationship with other alcohol biomarkers. Alcohol Alcohol. 2008;43(4):436-441. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agn017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bergström J.P., Helander A. Clinical characteristics of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%disialotransferrin) measured by HPLC: sensitivity, specificity, gender effects, and relationship with other alcohol biomarkers. Alcohol Alcohol. 2008;43(4):436-441. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agn017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bergström J.P., Helander A. HPLC evaluation of clinical and pharmacological factors reported to cause false-positive carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) levels. Clin Chim Acta. 2008;389(1-2):164-166. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2007.11.020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bergström J.P., Helander A. HPLC evaluation of clinical and pharmacological factors reported to cause false-positive carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) levels. Clin Chim Acta. 2008;389(1-2):164-166. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2007.11.020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleming M.F., Anton R. F., Spies C. D. A review of genetic, biological, pharmacological, and clinical factors that affect carbohydrate-deficient transferrin levels. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(9):1347-1355. doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000139815.89794.be.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleming M.F., Anton R. F., Spies C. D. A review of genetic, biological, pharmacological, and clinical factors that affect carbohydrate-deficient transferrin levels. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(9):1347-1355. doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000139815.89794.be.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reif A., Fallgatter A. J., Schmidtke A. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin parallels disease severity in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res. 2005;137(1-2):143-146. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.04.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reif A., Fallgatter A. J., Schmidtke A. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin parallels disease severity in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res. 2005;137(1-2):143-146. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.04.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anttila P., Järvi K., Latvala J., Blake J. E., Niemelä O. Diagnostic characteristics of different carbohydrate-deficient transferrin methods in the detection of problem drinking: effects of liver disease and alcohol consumption. Alcohol Alcohol. 2003;38(5):415-420. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agg102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anttila P., Järvi K., Latvala J., Blake J. E., Niemelä O. Diagnostic characteristics of different carbohydrate-deficient transferrin methods in the detection of problem drinking: effects of liver disease and alcohol consumption. Alcohol Alcohol. 2003;38(5):415-420. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agg102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veronesi A., Rota C., Carone C., Trenti T., Cariani E. Long-term stability of serum samples positive for carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) routinely stored at -20 °C. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2016 Oct 1;54(10): e285-7. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0074. PMID: 26974144.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veronesi A., Rota C., Carone C., Trenti T., Cariani E. Long-term stability of serum samples positive for carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) routinely stored at -20 °C. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2016 Oct 1;54(10): e285-7. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0074. PMID: 26974144.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Iuliis V., Gelormini R., Flacco M., et al.Comparison of Serum Total Valproic Acid Levels and%CDT Values in Chronic Alcohol Addictive Patients in an Italian Clinic: A Retrospective Study. Drugs Real World Outcomes. 2016 Mar;3(1):7-12. doi: 10.1007/s40801-015-0053-2. PMID: 27747801; PMCID: PMC4819473.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Iuliis V., Gelormini R., Flacco M., et al.Comparison of Serum Total Valproic Acid Levels and%CDT Values in Chronic Alcohol Addictive Patients in an Italian Clinic: A Retrospective Study. Drugs Real World Outcomes. 2016 Mar;3(1):7-12. doi: 10.1007/s40801-015-0053-2. PMID: 27747801; PMCID: PMC4819473.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karagülle D., Heberlein A., Wilhelm J., Frieling H., Kornhuber J., Bleich S., Hillemacher T. Biological markers for alcohol withdrawal seizures: a retrospective analysis. Eur Addict Res. 2012;18(3):97-102. doi: 10.1159/000335273. Epub 2012 Jan 24. PMID: 22286945.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karagülle D., Heberlein A., Wilhelm J., Frieling H., Kornhuber J., Bleich S., Hillemacher T. Biological markers for alcohol withdrawal seizures: a retrospective analysis. Eur Addict Res. 2012;18(3):97-102. doi: 10.1159/000335273. Epub 2012 Jan 24. PMID: 22286945.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larkman N. Towards evidence-based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 1: Can biological markers predict alcohol withdrawal syndrome? Emerg Med J. 2013 Jun;30(6):512-3. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2013-202697.1. PMID: 23673783.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larkman N. Towards evidence-based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 1: Can biological markers predict alcohol withdrawal syndrome? Emerg Med J. 2013 Jun;30(6):512-3. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2013-202697.1. PMID: 23673783.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirro V., Valente V., Oliveri P., De Bernardis A., Salomone A., Vincenti M. Chemometric evaluation of nine alcohol biomarkers in a large population of clinically-classified subjects: pre-eminence of ethyl glucuronide concentration in hair for confirmatory classification. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Oct;401(7):2153-64. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-5314-7. Epub 2011 Sep 4. PMID: 21901464.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirro V., Valente V., Oliveri P., De Bernardis A., Salomone A., Vincenti M. Chemometric evaluation of nine alcohol biomarkers in a large population of clinically-classified subjects: pre-eminence of ethyl glucuronide concentration in hair for confirmatory classification. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Oct;401(7):2153-64. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-5314-7. Epub 2011 Sep 4. PMID: 21901464.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Howlett H, Abernethy S, Brown NW, Rankin J, Gray WK. How strong is the evidence for using blood biomarkers alone to screen for alcohol consumption during pregnancy? A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017 Jun;213:45-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.04.005. Epub 2017 Apr 5. PMID: 28426943.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Howlett H, Abernethy S, Brown NW, Rankin J, Gray WK. How strong is the evidence for using blood biomarkers alone to screen for alcohol consumption during pregnancy? A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017 Jun;213:45-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.04.005. Epub 2017 Apr 5. PMID: 28426943.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allen JP, Wurst FM, Thon N, Litten RZ. Assessing the drinking status of liver transplant patients with alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl. 2013 Apr;19(4):369-76. doi: 10.1002/lt.23596. Epub 2013 Mar 17. PMID: 23281299.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allen JP, Wurst FM, Thon N, Litten RZ. Assessing the drinking status of liver transplant patients with alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl. 2013 Apr;19(4):369-76. doi: 10.1002/lt.23596. Epub 2013 Mar 17. PMID: 23281299.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kollmann D, Rasoul-Rockenschaub S, Steiner I, Freundorfer E, Györi GP, Silberhumer G, Soliman T, Berlakovich GA. Good outcome after liver transplantation for ALD without a 6 months abstinence rule prior to transplantation including post-transplant CDT monitoring for alcohol relapse assessment - a retrospective study. Transpl Int. 2016 May;29(5):559-67. doi: 10.1111/tri.12756. Epub 2016 Mar 1. PMID: 26865285.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kollmann D, Rasoul-Rockenschaub S, Steiner I, Freundorfer E, Györi GP, Silberhumer G, Soliman T, Berlakovich GA. Good outcome after liver transplantation for ALD without a 6 months abstinence rule prior to transplantation including post-transplant CDT monitoring for alcohol relapse assessment - a retrospective study. Transpl Int. 2016 May;29(5):559-67. doi: 10.1111/tri.12756. Epub 2016 Mar 1. PMID: 26865285.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP. New advances in acute pancreatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2007 Sep;23(5):494-501. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282ba566d. PMID: 17762554; PMCID: PMC3474362.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP. New advances in acute pancreatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2007 Sep;23(5):494-501. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282ba566d. PMID: 17762554; PMCID: PMC3474362.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lang MB, Segersvärd R, Grundsten M, Segerdahl M, Arnelo U, Permert J, Franck J, Löhr M, Tsai JA. Management of alcohol use disorders in patients with chronic pancreatitis. JOP. 2012 Nov 10;13(6):654-9. doi: 10.6092/1590-8577/1037. PMID: 23183394.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lang MB, Segersvärd R, Grundsten M, Segerdahl M, Arnelo U, Permert J, Franck J, Löhr M, Tsai JA. Management of alcohol use disorders in patients with chronic pancreatitis. JOP. 2012 Nov 10;13(6):654-9. doi: 10.6092/1590-8577/1037. PMID: 23183394.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vujasinovic M, Makuc J, Tepes B, Marolt A, Kikec Z, Robac N. Impact of a clinical pathway on treatment outcome in patients with acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Aug 14;21(30):9150-5. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i30.9150. PMID: 26290642; PMCID: PMC4533047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vujasinovic M, Makuc J, Tepes B, Marolt A, Kikec Z, Robac N. Impact of a clinical pathway on treatment outcome in patients with acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Aug 14;21(30):9150-5. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i30.9150. PMID: 26290642; PMCID: PMC4533047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maisch B. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy: The result of dosage and individual predisposition. Herz. 2016 Sep;41(6):484-93. doi: 10.1007/s00059-016-4469-6. PMID: 27582365; PMCID: PMC5013142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maisch B. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy: The result of dosage and individual predisposition. Herz. 2016 Sep;41(6):484-93. doi: 10.1007/s00059-016-4469-6. PMID: 27582365; PMCID: PMC5013142.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zatu MC, van Rooyen JM, Loots du T, Greeff M, Schutte AE. A comparison of the cardiometabolic profile of black South Africans with suspected non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and excessive alcohol use. Alcohol. 2015 Mar;49(2):165-72. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.11.002. Epub 2014 Dec 3. PMID: 25543202.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zatu MC, van Rooyen JM, Loots du T, Greeff M, Schutte AE. A comparison of the cardiometabolic profile of black South Africans with suspected non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and excessive alcohol use. Alcohol. 2015 Mar;49(2):165-72. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.11.002. Epub 2014 Dec 3. PMID: 25543202.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baros AM, Wright TM, Latham PK, Miller PM, Anton RF. Alcohol consumption,%CDT, GGT and blood pressure change during alcohol treatment. Alcohol Alcohol. 2008 Mar-Apr;43(2):192-7. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agm156. Epub 2007 Nov 25. PMID: 18039674.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baros AM, Wright TM, Latham PK, Miller PM, Anton RF. Alcohol consumption,%CDT, GGT and blood pressure change during alcohol treatment. Alcohol Alcohol. 2008 Mar-Apr;43(2):192-7. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agm156. Epub 2007 Nov 25. PMID: 18039674.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ingall GB. Alcohol biomarkers. Clin Lab Med. 2012 Sep;32(3):391-406. doi: 10.1016/j.cll.2012.06.003. Epub 2012 Jul 13. PMID: 22939298.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ingall GB. Alcohol biomarkers. Clin Lab Med. 2012 Sep;32(3):391-406. doi: 10.1016/j.cll.2012.06.003. Epub 2012 Jul 13. PMID: 22939298.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Høiseth G, Bernard JP, Karinen R, Johnsen L, Helander A, Christophersen AS, Mørland J. A pharmacokinetic study of ethyl glucuronide in blood and urine: applications to forensic toxicology. Forensic Sci Int. 2007 Oct 25;172(2-3):119-24. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.01.005. Epub 2007 Feb 16. PMID: 17306943.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Høiseth G, Bernard JP, Karinen R, Johnsen L, Helander A, Christophersen AS, Mørland J. A pharmacokinetic study of ethyl glucuronide in blood and urine: applications to forensic toxicology. Forensic Sci Int. 2007 Oct 25;172(2-3):119-24. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.01.005. Epub 2007 Feb 16. PMID: 17306943.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tavakoli HR, Hull M, Michael Okasinski L. Review of current clinical biomarkers for the detection of alcohol dependence. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2011 Mar;8(3):26-33. PMID: 21487543; PMCID: PMC3074194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tavakoli HR, Hull M, Michael Okasinski L. Review of current clinical biomarkers for the detection of alcohol dependence. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2011 Mar;8(3):26-33. PMID: 21487543; PMCID: PMC3074194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helander A, Böttcher M, Fehr C, Dahmen N, Beck O. Detection times for urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in heavy drinkers during alcohol detoxification. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009 Jan-Feb;44(1):55-61. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agn084. Epub 2008 Oct 29. PMID: 18971292.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helander A, Böttcher M, Fehr C, Dahmen N, Beck O. Detection times for urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in heavy drinkers during alcohol detoxification. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009 Jan-Feb;44(1):55-61. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agn084. Epub 2008 Oct 29. PMID: 18971292.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albermann ME, Musshoff F, Madea B. A high-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in urine validated according to forensic guidelines. J Chromatogr Sci. 2012 Jan;50(1):51-6. doi: 10.1093/chromsci/bmr012. PMID: 22291056; PMCID: PMC3252119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albermann ME, Musshoff F, Madea B. A high-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in urine validated according to forensic guidelines. J Chromatogr Sci. 2012 Jan;50(1):51-6. doi: 10.1093/chromsci/bmr012. PMID: 22291056; PMCID: PMC3252119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Staufer K, Andresen H, Vettorazzi E, Tobias N, Nashan B, Sterneck M. Urinary ethyl glucuronide as a novel screening tool in patients pre- and post-liver transplantation improves detection of alcohol consumption. Hepatology. 2011 Nov;54(5):1640-9. doi: 10.1002/hep.24596. PMID: 21809364.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Staufer K, Andresen H, Vettorazzi E, Tobias N, Nashan B, Sterneck M. Urinary ethyl glucuronide as a novel screening tool in patients pre- and post-liver transplantation improves detection of alcohol consumption. Hepatology. 2011 Nov;54(5):1640-9. doi: 10.1002/hep.24596. PMID: 21809364.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stewart SH, Koch DG, Burgess DM, Willner IR, Reuben A. Sensitivity and specificity of urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in liver disease patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013 Jan;37(1):150-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01855.x. Epub 2012 Jun 22. PMID: 22725265; PMCID: PMC3459172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stewart SH, Koch DG, Burgess DM, Willner IR, Reuben A. Sensitivity and specificity of urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in liver disease patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013 Jan;37(1):150-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01855.x. Epub 2012 Jun 22. PMID: 22725265; PMCID: PMC3459172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albermann ME, Musshoff F, Doberentz E, Heese P, Banger M, Madea B. Preliminary investigations on ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate cutoffs for detecting alcohol consumption on the basis of an ingestion experiment and on data from withdrawal treatment.Int J Legal Med. 2012 Sep;126(5):757-64. doi: 10.1007/s00414-012-0725-3. Epub 2012 Jun 30. PMID: 22752748.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albermann ME, Musshoff F, Doberentz E, Heese P, Banger M, Madea B. Preliminary investigations on ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate cutoffs for detecting alcohol consumption on the basis of an ingestion experiment and on data from withdrawal treatment.Int J Legal Med. 2012 Sep;126(5):757-64. doi: 10.1007/s00414-012-0725-3. Epub 2012 Jun 30. PMID: 22752748.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wurst FM, Wiesbeck GA, Metzger JW, Weinmann W. On sensitivity, specificity, and the influence of various parameters on ethyl glucuronide levels in urine - results from the WHO/ISBRA study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004 Aug;28(8):1220-8. doi: 10.1097/01.alc.0000134230.21414.11. PMID: 15318121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wurst FM, Wiesbeck GA, Metzger JW, Weinmann W. On sensitivity, specificity, and the influence of various parameters on ethyl glucuronide levels in urine - results from the WHO/ISBRA study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004 Aug;28(8):1220-8. doi: 10.1097/01.alc.0000134230.21414.11. PMID: 15318121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arndt T, Grüner J, Schröfel S, Stemmerich K. False-positive ethyl glucuronide immunoassay screening caused by a propyl alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Forensic Sci Int. 2012 Nov 30;223(1-3):359-63. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.10.024. Epub 2012 Nov 5. PMID: 23137849.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arndt T, Grüner J, Schröfel S, Stemmerich K. False-positive ethyl glucuronide immunoassay screening caused by a propyl alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Forensic Sci Int. 2012 Nov 30;223(1-3):359-63. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.10.024. Epub 2012 Nov 5. PMID: 23137849.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thierauf A, Halter CC, Rana S, Auwaerter V, Wohlfarth A, Wurst FM, Weinmann W. Urine tested positive for ethyl glucuronide after trace amounts of ethanol. Addiction. 2009 Dec;104(12):2007-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02722.x. PMID: 19922567.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thierauf A, Halter CC, Rana S, Auwaerter V, Wohlfarth A, Wurst FM, Weinmann W. Urine tested positive for ethyl glucuronide after trace amounts of ethanol. Addiction. 2009 Dec;104(12):2007-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02722.x. PMID: 19922567.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Musshoff F, Albermann E, Madea B. Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in urine after consumption of various beverages and foods - misleading results? Int J Legal Med. 2010 Nov;124(6):623-30. doi: 10.1007/s00414-010-0511-z. Epub 2010 Sep 14. PMID: 20838803.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musshoff F, Albermann E, Madea B. Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in urine after consumption of various beverages and foods - misleading results? Int J Legal Med. 2010 Nov;124(6):623-30. doi: 10.1007/s00414-010-0511-z. Epub 2010 Sep 14. PMID: 20838803.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arndt T, Gierten B, Güssregen B, Werle A, Grüner J. False-positive ethyl glucuronide immunoassay screening associated with chloral hydrate medication as confirmed by LC-MS/MS and self-medication. Forensic Sci Int. 2009 Jan 30;184(1-3): e27-9. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.10.022. Epub 2008 Dec 11. PMID: 19084359.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arndt T, Gierten B, Güssregen B, Werle A, Grüner J. False-positive ethyl glucuronide immunoassay screening associated with chloral hydrate medication as confirmed by LC-MS/MS and self-medication. Forensic Sci Int. 2009 Jan 30;184(1-3): e27-9. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.10.022. Epub 2008 Dec 11. PMID: 19084359.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helander A, Dahl H. Urinary tract infection: a risk factor for false-negative urinary ethyl glucuronide but not ethyl sulfate in the detection of recent alcohol consumption. Clin Chem. 2005 Sep;51(9):1728-30. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.051565. PMID: 16120954.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helander A, Dahl H. Urinary tract infection: a risk factor for false-negative urinary ethyl glucuronide but not ethyl sulfate in the detection of recent alcohol consumption. Clin Chem. 2005 Sep;51(9):1728-30. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.051565. PMID: 16120954.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baranowski S, Serr A, Thierauf A, Weinmann W, Grosse Perdekamp M, Wurst FM, Halter CC. In vitro study of bacterial degradation of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate.Int J Legal Med. 2008 Sep;122(5):389-93. doi: 10.1007/s00414-008-0229-3. Epub 2008 Jun 24. PMID: 18574590.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baranowski S, Serr A, Thierauf A, Weinmann W, Grosse Perdekamp M, Wurst FM, Halter CC. In vitro study of bacterial degradation of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate.Int J Legal Med. 2008 Sep;122(5):389-93. doi: 10.1007/s00414-008-0229-3. Epub 2008 Jun 24. PMID: 18574590.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goll M, Schmitt G, Ganssmann B, Aderjan RE. Excretion profiles of ethyl glucuronide in human urine after internal dilution. J Anal Toxicol. 2002 Jul-Aug;26(5):262-6. doi: 10.1093/jat/26.5.262. PMID: 12166812.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goll M, Schmitt G, Ganssmann B, Aderjan RE. Excretion profiles of ethyl glucuronide in human urine after internal dilution. J Anal Toxicol. 2002 Jul-Aug;26(5):262-6. doi: 10.1093/jat/26.5.262. PMID: 12166812.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nanau RM, Neuman MG. Biomolecules and Biomarkers Used in Diagnosis of Alcohol Drinking and in Monitoring Therapeutic Interventions. Biomolecules. 2015 Jun 29;5(3):1339-85. doi: 10.3390/biom5031339. PMID: 26131978; PMCID: PMC4598755.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nanau RM, Neuman MG. Biomolecules and Biomarkers Used in Diagnosis of Alcohol Drinking and in Monitoring Therapeutic Interventions. Biomolecules. 2015 Jun 29;5(3):1339-85. doi: 10.3390/biom5031339. PMID: 26131978; PMCID: PMC4598755.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crunelle CL, Yegles M, Nuijs ALNV, Covaci A, De Doncker M, Maudens KE, Sabbe B, Dom G, Lambert WE, Michielsen P, Neels H. Hair ethyl glucuronide levels as a marker for alcohol use and abuse: a review of the current state of the art. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Jan 1;134:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.008. Epub 2013 Oct 30. PMID: 24239414.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crunelle CL, Yegles M, Nuijs ALNV, Covaci A, De Doncker M, Maudens KE, Sabbe B, Dom G, Lambert WE, Michielsen P, Neels H. Hair ethyl glucuronide levels as a marker for alcohol use and abuse: a review of the current state of the art. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Jan 1;134:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.008. Epub 2013 Oct 30. PMID: 24239414.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dahl H, Voltaire Carlsson A, Hillgren K, Helander A. Urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate testing for detection of recent drinking in an outpatient treatment program for alcohol and drug dependence. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011 May-Jun;46(3):278-82. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agr009. Epub 2011 Feb 20. PMID: 21339184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dahl H, Voltaire Carlsson A, Hillgren K, Helander A. Urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate testing for detection of recent drinking in an outpatient treatment program for alcohol and drug dependence. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011 May-Jun;46(3):278-82. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agr009. Epub 2011 Feb 20. PMID: 21339184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morini L, Marchei E, Vagnarelli F, Garcia Algar O, Groppi A, Mastrobattista L, Pichini S. Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in meconium and hair-potential biomarkers of intrauterine exposure to ethanol. Forensic Sci Int. 2010 Mar 20;196(1-3):74-7. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.035. Epub 2010 Jan 8. PMID: 20060246.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morini L, Marchei E, Vagnarelli F, Garcia Algar O, Groppi A, Mastrobattista L, Pichini S. Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in meconium and hair-potential biomarkers of intrauterine exposure to ethanol. Forensic Sci Int. 2010 Mar 20;196(1-3):74-7. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.035. Epub 2010 Jan 8. PMID: 20060246.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vollmar J, Stern F, Lackner K, Mildenberger P, Greif-Higer G, Mittler J, Darstein F, Foerster F, Grimm D, Marquardt JU, Schattenberg J, Woerns MA, Lang H, Galle PR, Zimmermann T. Urinary ethyl glucuronide (uEtG) as a marker for alcohol consumption in liver transplant candidates: a real-world cohort. Z Gastroenterol. 2020 Jan;58(1):30-38. English. doi: 10.1055/a-1008-9736. Epub 2020 Jan 13. PMID: 31931538.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vollmar J, Stern F, Lackner K, Mildenberger P, Greif-Higer G, Mittler J, Darstein F, Foerster F, Grimm D, Marquardt JU, Schattenberg J, Woerns MA, Lang H, Galle PR, Zimmermann T. Urinary ethyl glucuronide (uEtG) as a marker for alcohol consumption in liver transplant candidates: a real-world cohort. Z Gastroenterol. 2020 Jan;58(1):30-38. English. doi: 10.1055/a-1008-9736. Epub 2020 Jan 13. PMID: 31931538.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit87"><label>87</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hegstad S, Helland A, Hagemann C, Michelsen L, Spigset O. EtG/EtS in Urine from sexual assault victims determined by UPLC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol. 2013 May;37(4):227-32. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkt008. Epub 2013 Mar 6. PMID: 23467259.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hegstad S, Helland A, Hagemann C, Michelsen L, Spigset O. EtG/EtS in Urine from sexual assault victims determined by UPLC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol. 2013 May;37(4):227-32. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkt008. Epub 2013 Mar 6. PMID: 23467259.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit88"><label>88</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ziegler, H. “Evaluation results of the medical and psychological assessment (MPA) in Germany. New relapse rate of drink-drivers after medical and psychological assessment of fitness to drive (MPA).” SCHRIFTENREIHE FAHREIGNUNG (2012).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ziegler, H. “Evaluation results of the medical and psychological assessment (MPA) in Germany. New relapse rate of drink-drivers after medical and psychological assessment of fitness to drive (MPA).” SCHRIFTENREIHE FAHREIGNUNG (2012).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit89"><label>89</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marques PR, Tippetts AS, Yegles M. Ethylglucuronide in hair is a top predictor of impaired driving recidivism, alcohol dependence, and a key marker of the highest BAC interlock tests. Traffic Inj Prev. 2014;15(4):361-9. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2013.824569. PMID: 24471360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marques PR, Tippetts AS, Yegles M. Ethylglucuronide in hair is a top predictor of impaired driving recidivism, alcohol dependence, and a key marker of the highest BAC interlock tests. Traffic Inj Prev. 2014;15(4):361-9. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2013.824569. PMID: 24471360.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit90"><label>90</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rainio J, Ahola S, Kangastupa P, Kultti J, Tuomi H, Karhunen PJ, Helander A, Niemelä O.Comparison of ethyl glucuronide and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in different body fluids for post-mortem identification of alcohol use. Alcohol Alcohol. 2014 Jan-Feb;49(1):55-9. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agt159. Epub 2013 Oct 22. PMID: 24154730.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rainio J, Ahola S, Kangastupa P, Kultti J, Tuomi H, Karhunen PJ, Helander A, Niemelä O.Comparison of ethyl glucuronide and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in different body fluids for post-mortem identification of alcohol use. Alcohol Alcohol. 2014 Jan-Feb;49(1):55-9. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agt159. Epub 2013 Oct 22. PMID: 24154730.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit91"><label>91</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vezzoli S, Bernini M, De Ferrari F. Ethyl glucuronide in vitreous humor and blood postmortem specimens: analysis by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and interpreting results of neo-formation of ethanol. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2015;51(1):19-27. doi: 10.4415/ANN_15_01_05. PMID: 25857380.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vezzoli S, Bernini M, De Ferrari F. Ethyl glucuronide in vitreous humor and blood postmortem specimens: analysis by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and interpreting results of neo-formation of ethanol. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2015;51(1):19-27. doi: 10.4415/ANN_15_01_05. PMID: 25857380.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit92"><label>92</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Y, Zhang X, Li J, Huang Z, Lin Z, Wang J, Zhang C, Rao Y. Stability of Ethyl Glucuronide, Ethyl Sulfate, Phosphatidylethanols and Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in Postmortem Human Blood. J Anal Toxicol. 2018 Jun 1;42(5):346-352. doi: 10.1093/jat/bky010. PMID: 29425299.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Y, Zhang X, Li J, Huang Z, Lin Z, Wang J, Zhang C, Rao Y. Stability of Ethyl Glucuronide, Ethyl Sulfate, Phosphatidylethanols and Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in Postmortem Human Blood. J Anal Toxicol. 2018 Jun 1;42(5):346-352. doi: 10.1093/jat/bky010. PMID: 29425299.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit93"><label>93</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eroshchenko NN, Barsegyan SS, Kiryushin AN, Tuaeva NO, Nosyrev AE, Salomatin VE. Razrabotka i validatsiia metodiki opredeleniia étilgliukuronida i étilsul’fata kak markerov prizhiznennogo upotrebleniia étilovogo spirta [The development and validation of the method for the identification of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate as the markers of the consumption of ethyl alcohol during one’s lifetime]. Sud Med Ekspert. 2018;61(4):42-47.Russian. doi: 10.17116/sudmed201861442. PMID: 30168529.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eroshchenko NN, Barsegyan SS, Kiryushin AN, Tuaeva NO, Nosyrev AE, Salomatin VE. Razrabotka i validatsiia metodiki opredeleniia étilgliukuronida i étilsul’fata kak markerov prizhiznennogo upotrebleniia étilovogo spirta [The development and validation of the method for the identification of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate as the markers of the consumption of ethyl alcohol during one’s lifetime]. Sud Med Ekspert. 2018;61(4):42-47.Russian. doi: 10.17116/sudmed201861442. PMID: 30168529.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit94"><label>94</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andresen-Streichert H, Müller A, Glahn A, Skopp G, Sterneck M. Alcohol Biomarkers in Clinical and Forensic Contexts. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018 May 4;115(18):309-315. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0309. PMID: 29807559; PMCID: PMC5987059.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andresen-Streichert H, Müller A, Glahn A, Skopp G, Sterneck M. Alcohol Biomarkers in Clinical and Forensic Contexts. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018 May 4;115(18):309-315. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0309. PMID: 29807559; PMCID: PMC5987059.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit95"><label>95</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pragst F, Suesse S, Salomone A, Vincenti M, Cirimele V, Hazon J, Tsanaclis L, Kingston R, Sporkert F, Baumgartner MR.Commentary on current changes of the SoHT 2016 consensus on alcohol markers in hair and further background information. Forensic Sci Int. 2017 Sep;278:326-333. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.023. Epub 2017 Jul 27. PMID: 28802209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pragst F, Suesse S, Salomone A, Vincenti M, Cirimele V, Hazon J, Tsanaclis L, Kingston R, Sporkert F, Baumgartner MR.Commentary on current changes of the SoHT 2016 consensus on alcohol markers in hair and further background information. Forensic Sci Int. 2017 Sep;278:326-333. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.023. Epub 2017 Jul 27. PMID: 28802209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit96"><label>96</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albermann ME, Musshoff F, Madea B.Comparison of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) concentrations in hair for testing abstinence. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Apr;400(1):175-81. doi: 10.1007/s00216-010-4443-8. Epub 2010 Dec 3. PMID: 21127843.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albermann ME, Musshoff F, Madea B.Comparison of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) concentrations in hair for testing abstinence. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Apr;400(1):175-81. doi: 10.1007/s00216-010-4443-8. Epub 2010 Dec 3. PMID: 21127843.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit97"><label>97</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Consensus for the use of alcohol markers in hair for supporting the assessment of abstinence and chronic alcohol consumption. https://www.soht.org/images/pdf/Revision_2019_Alcoholmarkers.pdf]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Consensus for the use of alcohol markers in hair for supporting the assessment of abstinence and chronic alcohol consumption. https://www.soht.org/images/pdf/Revision_2019_Alcoholmarkers.pdf]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit98"><label>98</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oppolzer D, Barroso M, Passarinha L, Gallardo E. Determination of ethyl glucuronide and fatty acid ethyl esters in hair samples. Biomed Chromatogr. 2017 Apr;31(4). doi: 10.1002/bmc.3858. Epub 2016 Nov 6. PMID: 27696467.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oppolzer D, Barroso M, Passarinha L, Gallardo E. Determination of ethyl glucuronide and fatty acid ethyl esters in hair samples. Biomed Chromatogr. 2017 Apr;31(4). doi: 10.1002/bmc.3858. Epub 2016 Nov 6. PMID: 27696467.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit99"><label>99</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suesse S, Blueml M, Pragst F. Effect of the analyzed hair length on fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) concentrations in hair - is there congruence of cut-offs for 0-3 and 0-6 cm hair segments? Forensic Sci Int. 2015 Apr;249:1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.020. Epub 2014 Dec 12. PMID: 25549888.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suesse S, Blueml M, Pragst F. Effect of the analyzed hair length on fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) concentrations in hair - is there congruence of cut-offs for 0-3 and 0-6 cm hair segments? Forensic Sci Int. 2015 Apr;249:1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.020. Epub 2014 Dec 12. PMID: 25549888.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit100"><label>100</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gustavsson L, Alling C. Formation of phosphatidylethanol in rat brain by phospholipase D. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 Feb 13;142(3):958-63. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)91507-5. PMID: 3827907.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gustavsson L, Alling C. Formation of phosphatidylethanol in rat brain by phospholipase D. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 Feb 13;142(3):958-63. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)91507-5. PMID: 3827907.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit101"><label>101</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helander A, Zheng Y. Molecular species of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol in human blood measured by LC-MS. Clin Chem. 2009 Jul;55(7):1395-405. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.120923. Epub 2009 May 7. PMID: 19423735.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helander A, Zheng Y. Molecular species of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol in human blood measured by LC-MS. Clin Chem. 2009 Jul;55(7):1395-405. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.120923. Epub 2009 May 7. PMID: 19423735.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit102"><label>102</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simon TW. Providing context for phosphatidylethanol as a biomarker of alcohol consumption with a pharmacokinetic model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018 Apr;94:163-171. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.01.029. Epub 2018 Feb 8. PMID: 29408287.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simon TW. Providing context for phosphatidylethanol as a biomarker of alcohol consumption with a pharmacokinetic model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018 Apr;94:163-171. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.01.029. Epub 2018 Feb 8. PMID: 29408287.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit103"><label>103</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Litten RZ, Bradley AM, Moss HB. Alcohol biomarkers in applied settings: recent advances and future research opportunities. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010 Jun;34(6):955-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01170.x. Epub 2010 Apr 5. PMID: 20374219.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Litten RZ, Bradley AM, Moss HB. Alcohol biomarkers in applied settings: recent advances and future research opportunities. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010 Jun;34(6):955-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01170.x. Epub 2010 Apr 5. PMID: 20374219.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit104"><label>104</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Viel G, Boscolo-Berto R, Cecchetto G, Fais P, Nalesso A, Ferrara SD. Phosphatidylethanol in blood as a marker of chronic alcohol use: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Mol Sci. 2012 Nov 13;13(11):14788-812. doi: 10.3390/ijms131114788. PMID: 23203094; PMCID: PMC3509610.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Viel G, Boscolo-Berto R, Cecchetto G, Fais P, Nalesso A, Ferrara SD. Phosphatidylethanol in blood as a marker of chronic alcohol use: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Mol Sci. 2012 Nov 13;13(11):14788-812. doi: 10.3390/ijms131114788. PMID: 23203094; PMCID: PMC3509610.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit105"><label>105</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walther L, de Bejczy A, Löf E, Hansson T, Andersson A, Guterstam J, Hammarberg A, Asanovska G, Franck J, Söderpalm B, Isaksson A. Phosphatidylethanol is superior to carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and γ-glutamyltransferase as an alcohol marker and is a reliable estimate of alcohol consumption level. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015 Nov;39(11):2200-8. doi: 10.1111/acer.12883. PMID: 26503066.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walther L, de Bejczy A, Löf E, Hansson T, Andersson A, Guterstam J, Hammarberg A, Asanovska G, Franck J, Söderpalm B, Isaksson A. Phosphatidylethanol is superior to carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and γ-glutamyltransferase as an alcohol marker and is a reliable estimate of alcohol consumption level. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015 Nov;39(11):2200-8. doi: 10.1111/acer.12883. PMID: 26503066.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit106"><label>106</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schröck A, Wurst FM, Thon N, Weinmann W. Assessing phosphatidylethanol (PEth) levels reflecting different drinking habits in comparison to the alcohol use disorders identification test - C (AUDIT-C). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017 Sep 1;178:80-86. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.026. Epub 2017 Jun 13. PMID: 28645063.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schröck A, Wurst FM, Thon N, Weinmann W. Assessing phosphatidylethanol (PEth) levels reflecting different drinking habits in comparison to the alcohol use disorders identification test - C (AUDIT-C). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017 Sep 1;178:80-86. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.026. Epub 2017 Jun 13. PMID: 28645063.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit107"><label>107</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aradottir S, Asanovska G, Gjerss S, Hansson P, Alling C. PHosphatidylethanol (PEth) concentrations in blood are correlated to reported alcohol intake in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Alcohol. 2006 Jul-Aug;41(4):431-7. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agl027. Epub 2006 Apr 19. PMID: 16624837.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aradottir S, Asanovska G, Gjerss S, Hansson P, Alling C. PHosphatidylethanol (PEth) concentrations in blood are correlated to reported alcohol intake in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Alcohol. 2006 Jul-Aug;41(4):431-7. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agl027. Epub 2006 Apr 19. PMID: 16624837.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit108"><label>108</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hartmann S, Aradottir S, Graf M, Wiesbeck G, Lesch O, Ramskogler K, Wolfersdorf M, Alling C, Wurst FM. Phosphatidylethanol as a sensitive and specific biomarker: comparison with gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, mean corpuscular volume and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Addict Biol. 2007 Mar;12(1):81-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00040.x. PMID: 17407500.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hartmann S, Aradottir S, Graf M, Wiesbeck G, Lesch O, Ramskogler K, Wolfersdorf M, Alling C, Wurst FM. Phosphatidylethanol as a sensitive and specific biomarker: comparison with gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, mean corpuscular volume and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Addict Biol. 2007 Mar;12(1):81-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00040.x. PMID: 17407500.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit109"><label>109</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kummer N, Ingels AS, Wille SM, Hanak C, Verbanck P, Lambert WE, Samyn N, Stove CP. Quantification of phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1, 18:1/18:1, and 16:0/16:0 in venous blood and venous and capillary dried blood spots from patients in alcohol withdrawal and control volunteers. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2016 Jan;408(3):825-38. doi: 10.1007/s00216-015-9169-1. Epub 2015 Nov 23. PMID: 26597914.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kummer N, Ingels AS, Wille SM, Hanak C, Verbanck P, Lambert WE, Samyn N, Stove CP. Quantification of phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1, 18:1/18:1, and 16:0/16:0 in venous blood and venous and capillary dried blood spots from patients in alcohol withdrawal and control volunteers. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2016 Jan;408(3):825-38. doi: 10.1007/s00216-015-9169-1. Epub 2015 Nov 23. PMID: 26597914.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit110"><label>110</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stewart, Scott H. “Phosphatidylethanol and Alcohol Use in Liver Disease Patients.” Biomarkers in Liver Disease (2017): 527.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stewart, Scott H. “Phosphatidylethanol and Alcohol Use in Liver Disease Patients.” Biomarkers in Liver Disease (2017): 527.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit111"><label>111</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleming MF, Smith MJ, Oslakovic E, Lucey MR, Vue JX, Al-Saden P, Levitsky J. Phosphatidylethanol Detects Moderate-to-Heavy Alcohol Use in Liver Transplant Recipients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017 Apr;41(4):857-862. doi: 10.1111/acer.13353. Epub 2017 Mar 20. PMID: 28196282; PMCID: PMC5417070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleming MF, Smith MJ, Oslakovic E, Lucey MR, Vue JX, Al-Saden P, Levitsky J. Phosphatidylethanol Detects Moderate-to-Heavy Alcohol Use in Liver Transplant Recipients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017 Apr;41(4):857-862. doi: 10.1111/acer.13353. Epub 2017 Mar 20. PMID: 28196282; PMCID: PMC5417070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit112"><label>112</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helander A, Péter O, Zheng Y. Monitoring of the alcohol biomarkers PEth, CDT and EtG/EtS in an outpatient treatment setting. Alcohol Alcohol. 2012 Sep-Oct;47(5):552-7. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/ags065. Epub 2012 Jun 12. PMID: 22691387.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helander A, Péter O, Zheng Y. Monitoring of the alcohol biomarkers PEth, CDT and EtG/EtS in an outpatient treatment setting. Alcohol Alcohol. 2012 Sep-Oct;47(5):552-7. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/ags065. Epub 2012 Jun 12. PMID: 22691387.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit113"><label>113</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bracero LA, Maxwell S, Nyanin A, Seybold DJ, White A, Broce M. Improving screening for alcohol consumption during pregnancy with phosphatidylethanol. Reprod Toxicol. 2017 Dec;74:104-107. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.09.007. Epub 2017 Sep 19. PMID: 28939493.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bracero LA, Maxwell S, Nyanin A, Seybold DJ, White A, Broce M. Improving screening for alcohol consumption during pregnancy with phosphatidylethanol. Reprod Toxicol. 2017 Dec;74:104-107. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.09.007. Epub 2017 Sep 19. PMID: 28939493.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit114"><label>114</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baldwin, Aileen E., et al. “Retrospective assessment of prenatal alcohol exposure by detection of phosphatidylethanol in stored dried blood spot cards: An objective method for determining prevalence rates of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.” The International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research. 4.2 (2015): 131-137. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.209</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baldwin, Aileen E., et al. “Retrospective assessment of prenatal alcohol exposure by detection of phosphatidylethanol in stored dried blood spot cards: An objective method for determining prevalence rates of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.” The International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research. 4.2 (2015): 131-137. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.209</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit115"><label>115</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hahn JA, Dobkin LM, Mayanja B, Emenyonu NI, Kigozi IM, Shiboski S, Bangsberg DR, Gnann H, Weinmann W, Wurst FM. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) as a biomarker of alcohol consumption in HIV-positive patients in sub-Saharan Africa. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012 May;36(5):854-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01669.x. Epub 2011 Dec 7. PMID: 22150449; PMCID: PMC3310261.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hahn JA, Dobkin LM, Mayanja B, Emenyonu NI, Kigozi IM, Shiboski S, Bangsberg DR, Gnann H, Weinmann W, Wurst FM. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) as a biomarker of alcohol consumption in HIV-positive patients in sub-Saharan Africa. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012 May;36(5):854-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01669.x. Epub 2011 Dec 7. PMID: 22150449; PMCID: PMC3310261.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit116"><label>116</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walther L, Brodén CM, Isaksson A, Hedenbro JL. Alcohol Consumption in Obese Patients Before and After Gastric Bypass as Assessed with the Alcohol Marker Phosphatidylethanol (PEth). Obes Surg. 2018 Aug;28(8):2354-2360. doi: 10.1007/s11695-018-3165-4. PMID: 29500677.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walther L, Brodén CM, Isaksson A, Hedenbro JL. Alcohol Consumption in Obese Patients Before and After Gastric Bypass as Assessed with the Alcohol Marker Phosphatidylethanol (PEth). Obes Surg. 2018 Aug;28(8):2354-2360. doi: 10.1007/s11695-018-3165-4. PMID: 29500677.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit117"><label>117</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Afshar M, Burnham EL, Joyce C, Clark BJ, Yong M, Gaydos J, Cooper RS, Smith GS, Kovacs EJ, Lowery EM. Cut-Point Levels of Phosphatidylethanol to Identify Alcohol Misuse in a Mixed Cohort Including Critically Ill Patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017 Oct;41(10):1745-1753. doi: 10.1111/acer.13471. Epub 2017 Sep 13. PMID: 28792620; PMCID: PMC5626634.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afshar M, Burnham EL, Joyce C, Clark BJ, Yong M, Gaydos J, Cooper RS, Smith GS, Kovacs EJ, Lowery EM. Cut-Point Levels of Phosphatidylethanol to Identify Alcohol Misuse in a Mixed Cohort Including Critically Ill Patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017 Oct;41(10):1745-1753. doi: 10.1111/acer.13471. Epub 2017 Sep 13. PMID: 28792620; PMCID: PMC5626634.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit118"><label>118</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marques P, Hansson T, Isaksson A, Walther L, Jones J, Lewis D, Jones M. Detection of phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in the blood of drivers in an alcohol ignition interlock program. Traffic Inj Prev. 2011 Apr;12(2):136-41. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2010.544048. PMID: 21469020; PMCID: PMC3077108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marques P, Hansson T, Isaksson A, Walther L, Jones J, Lewis D, Jones M. Detection of phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in the blood of drivers in an alcohol ignition interlock program. Traffic Inj Prev. 2011 Apr;12(2):136-41. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2010.544048. PMID: 21469020; PMCID: PMC3077108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit119"><label>119</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stewart SH, Reuben A, Anton RF. Relationship of Abnormal Chromatographic Pattern for Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin with Severe Liver Disease. Alcohol Alcohol. 2017 Jan;52(1):24-28. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agw069. Epub 2016 Oct 7. PMID: 27998920; PMCID: PMC5169034.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stewart SH, Reuben A, Anton RF. Relationship of Abnormal Chromatographic Pattern for Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin with Severe Liver Disease. Alcohol Alcohol. 2017 Jan;52(1):24-28. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agw069. Epub 2016 Oct 7. PMID: 27998920; PMCID: PMC5169034.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit120"><label>120</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Høiseth G, Nordal K, Pettersen E, Mørland J. Prolonged urinary detection times of EtG and EtS in patients with decreased renal function. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012 Jul;36(7):1148-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01713.x. Epub 2012 Feb 8. PMID: 22316172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Høiseth G, Nordal K, Pettersen E, Mørland J. Prolonged urinary detection times of EtG and EtS in patients with decreased renal function. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012 Jul;36(7):1148-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01713.x. Epub 2012 Feb 8. PMID: 22316172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit121"><label>121</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boscolo-Berto R, Favretto D, Cecchetto G, Vincenti M, Kronstrand R, Ferrara SD, Viel G. Sensitivity and specificity of EtG in hair as a marker of chronic excessive drinking: pooled analysis of raw data and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ther Drug Monit. 2014 Oct;36(5):560-75. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000063. PMID: 24577122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boscolo-Berto R, Favretto D, Cecchetto G, Vincenti M, Kronstrand R, Ferrara SD, Viel G. Sensitivity and specificity of EtG in hair as a marker of chronic excessive drinking: pooled analysis of raw data and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ther Drug Monit. 2014 Oct;36(5):560-75. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000063. PMID: 24577122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit122"><label>122</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Biondi A, Freni F, Carelli C, Moretti M, Morini L. Ethyl glucuronide hair testing: A review. Forensic Sci Int. 2019 Jul;300:106-119. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.004. Epub 2019 May 8. PMID: 31096163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Biondi A, Freni F, Carelli C, Moretti M, Morini L. Ethyl glucuronide hair testing: A review. Forensic Sci Int. 2019 Jul;300:106-119. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.004. Epub 2019 May 8. PMID: 31096163.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit123"><label>123</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stewart SH, Koch DG, Willner IR, Anton RF, Reuben A. Validation of blood phosphatidylethanol as an alcohol consumption biomarker in patients with chronic liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014 Jun;38(6):1706-11. doi: 10.1111/acer.12442. Epub 2014 May 21. PMID: 24848614; PMCID: PMC4409698.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stewart SH, Koch DG, Willner IR, Anton RF, Reuben A. Validation of blood phosphatidylethanol as an alcohol consumption biomarker in patients with chronic liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014 Jun;38(6):1706-11. doi: 10.1111/acer.12442. Epub 2014 May 21. PMID: 24848614; PMCID: PMC4409698.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit124"><label>124</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andresen-Streichert H, Beres Y, Weinmann W, Schröck A, Müller A, Skopp G, Pischke S, Vettorazzi E, Lohse A, Nashan B, Sterneck M. Improved detection of alcohol consumption using the novel marker phosphatidylethanol in the transplant setting: results of a prospective study. Transpl Int. 2017 Jun;30(6):611-620. doi: 10.1111/tri.12949. Epub 2017 Apr 17. PMID: 28295675.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andresen-Streichert H, Beres Y, Weinmann W, Schröck A, Müller A, Skopp G, Pischke S, Vettorazzi E, Lohse A, Nashan B, Sterneck M. Improved detection of alcohol consumption using the novel marker phosphatidylethanol in the transplant setting: results of a prospective study. Transpl Int. 2017 Jun;30(6):611-620. doi: 10.1111/tri.12949. Epub 2017 Apr 17. PMID: 28295675.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit125"><label>125</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crabb DW, Im GY, Szabo G, Mellinger JL, Lucey MR. Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcohol-Associated Liver Diseases: 2019 Practice Guidance From the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2020 Jan;71(1):306-333. doi: 10.1002/hep.30866. PMID: 31314133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crabb DW, Im GY, Szabo G, Mellinger JL, Lucey MR. Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcohol-Associated Liver Diseases: 2019 Practice Guidance From the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2020 Jan;71(1):306-333. doi: 10.1002/hep.30866. PMID: 31314133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit126"><label>126</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wagner, Thomas, et al. “Assessment of personal resources for safe driving-The principles of medical psychological assessment in Germany.” Schriftenreihe Fahreignung (2014)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wagner, Thomas, et al. “Assessment of personal resources for safe driving-The principles of medical psychological assessment in Germany.” Schriftenreihe Fahreignung (2014)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
