<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-8658</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«Global Media Technologies»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-196-12-125-133</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nogr-1808</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Хронический панкреатит и микробиом кишечника у взрослых и детей: не только СИБР, но и дисбиоз толстой кишки имеет клиническое значение</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chronic pancreatitis and the intestinal microbiome in adults and children: Not only SIBO but also gut dysbiosis has clinical significance</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-0963</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ситкин</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sitkin</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ситкин Станислав Игоревич, канд. мед. наук, зав. НИГ эпигенетики и метагеномики Института перинатологии и педиатрии; доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и диетологии им. С. М. Рысса; ведущий научный сотрудник научной группы «Метаболомика неинфекционных заболеваний»Scopus ID: 6603071466</p><p>197341, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2191015, Санкт-Петербург, Кирочная ул., д. 41197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stanislav I. Sitkin, Ph.D., Dr.med., Head of the Epigenetics &amp; Metagenomics Research Group of the Institute of Perinatology and Pediatrics; Associate Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutics, Gastroenterology and Dietetics n. a. S. M. Ryss; Leading Researcher, Non-Infectious Disease Metabolomics GroupScopus ID: 6603071466</p><p>197341, St. Petersburg, Akkuratova St., 2  191015, St. Petersburg, Kirochnaya St., 41  197376, St. Petersburg, Akad. Pavlov St., 12  </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">drsitkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9948-7303</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Первунина</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pervunina</surname><given-names>T. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Первунина Татьяна Михайловна, д-р мед. наук, директор Института перинатологии и педиатрии</p><p>197341, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana M. Pervunina, Ph.D., Dr. Med.Sc., Director of the Institute of Perinatology and Pediatrics;</p><p>197341, St. Petersburg, Akkuratova St., 2 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И. И. Мечникова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Институт экспериментальной медицины»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre; North-Western state medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov; Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>125</fpage><lpage>133</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ситкин С.И., Первунина Т.М., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ситкин С.И., Первунина Т.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sitkin S.I., Pervunina T.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/1808">https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/1808</self-uri><abstract><p>Хронический панкреатит сопровождается как синдромом избыточного бактериального роста, так и дисбиозом микробиоты толстой кишки. Наиболее типичными изменениями микробиоты толстой кишки при хроническом панкреатите являются уменьшение микробного разнообразия, увеличение представленности Proteobacteria, снижение представленности Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria и Firmicutes, особенно бутират-продуцирующих бактерий, таких как Faecalibacterium, значимая связь с инфекционными путями (анализ по KEGG]), сопутствующими метаболическими заболеваниями (сахарный диабет) и экзокринной недостаточностью поджелудочной железы. Изменения микробиоты толстой кишки у детей с хроническим панкреатитом аналогичны таковым у взрослых пациентов и характеризуются снижением α-разнообразия и уменьшением относительной численности продуцентов короткоцепочечных жирных кислот: бутират-продуцирующих Faecalibacterium, Subdoligranulum и Eubacterium, пропионат-продуцирующей Phascolarctobacterium, ацетат- и лактат-продуцирующей Collinsella, а также пробиотических бактерий рода Bifidobacterium.  Дисбиотические изменения микробиома, в том числе снижение представленности комменсальных симбионтов, значимо связаны с тяжестью хронического панкреатита. Важнейшим фактором, влияющим на микробиоту кишечнику, является внешнесекреторная функция поджелудочной железы, снижение которой сопровождается переключением с энтеротипа 1 (с преобладанием Bacteroides) на энтеротип 2 (с преобладанием Prevotella) и уменьшением «филогенетического разнообразия» (индекс α-разнообразия). Модуляция дисбиотической микробиоты кишечника может осуществляться с помощью пробиотиков, пребиотиков, бактериальных метаболитов, таких как бутират, ферментов поджелудочной железы и должна стать полноправной терапевтической опцией у пациентов с хроническим панкреатитом.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Chronic pancreatitis is accompanied by both small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. The most typical changes in the gut microbiota in chronic pancreatitis are a decrease in microbial diversity, an increase in the abundance of Proteobacteria, a decrease in the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, especially butyrate-producing bacteria such as Faecalibacterium, a significant association with infectious pathways (KEGG analysis]), concomitant metabolic disorders (diabetes mellitus) and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Changes in the gut microbiota in children with chronic pancreatitis are like those in adults and are characterized by a decrease in α-diversity and the loss of shortchain fatty acid producers: butyrate-producing Faecalibacterium, Subdoligranulum, and Eubacterium, propionate-producing Phascolarctobacterium, acetate- and lactate-producing Collinsella, and probiotic Bifidobacterium. Dysbiotic changes in the gut microbiome, including a decrease in the abundance of commensal symbionts, are significantly associated with the severity of chronic pancreatitis. The most important factor influencing the intestinal microbiota is the pancreatic exocrine function, a decrease which leads to a switch from enterotype 1 (Bacteroides predominance) to enterotype 2 (Prevotella predominance) and a decrease in phylogenetic diversity (α-diversity index). Modulation of the dysbiotic gut microbiota can be carried out with probiotics, prebiotics, bacterial metabolites such as butyrate, pancreatic enzymes and should become a full-fledged therapeutic option in patients with chronic pancreatitis.</p></trans-abstract></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Signoretti M, Roggiolani R, Stornello C, Delle Fave G, Capurso G. Gut microbiota and pancreatic diseases. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2017 Dec;63(4):399–410. doi:10.23736/S1121–421X.17.02387-X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Signoretti M, Roggiolani R, Stornello C, Delle Fave G, Capurso G. Gut microbiota and pancreatic diseases. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2017 Dec;63(4):399–410. doi:10.23736/S1121–421X.17.02387-X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ардатская М. Д. Синдром избыточного бактериального роста и нарушение процессов пищеварения и всасывания. Поликлиника. 2009;(2):38–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ardatskaya M. D. Bacterial overgrowth syndrome and violation of the processes of digestion and absorption. Polyclinic. 2009;(2):38–40. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белоусова Е. А. Синдром избыточного бактериального роста при хроническом панкреатите. РМЖ. 2009;(5):317–321.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belousova E. A. Bacterial overgrowth syndrome in chronic pancreatitis. Russian Medical Journal. 2009;(5):317–321. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee AA, Baker JR, Wamsteker EJ, Saad R, DiMagno MJ. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Is Common in Chronic Pancreatitis and Associates With Diabetes, Chronic Pancreatitis Severity, Low Zinc Levels, and Opiate Use. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Jul;114(7):1163–1171. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee AA, Baker JR, Wamsteker EJ, Saad R, DiMagno MJ. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Is Common in Chronic Pancreatitis and Associates With Diabetes, Chronic Pancreatitis Severity, Low Zinc Levels, and Opiate Use. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Jul;114(7):1163–1171. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000200.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ардатская М. Д., Масловский Л. В., Зверков И. В. Коррекция нарушений микробиоты кишечника при хроническом панкреатите Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2021;(11):52–59. doi:10.31146/1682–8658-ecg-195–11–52–59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ardatskaya M.D., Maslovsky L. V., Zverkov I. V. Correction of violations of the intestinal microbiota in chronic pancreatitis. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2021;(11):52–59. (In Russ.) doi:10.31146/1682–8658-ecg-195–11–52–59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jandhyala SM, Madhulika A, Deepika G, Rao GV, Reddy DN, Subramanyam C, Sasikala M, Talukdar R. Altered intestinal microbiota in patients with chronic pancreatitis: implications in diabetes and metabolic abnormalities. Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 3;7:43640. doi:10.1038/srep43640.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jandhyala SM, Madhulika A, Deepika G, Rao GV, Reddy DN, Subramanyam C, Sasikala M, Talukdar R. Altered intestinal microbiota in patients with chronic pancreatitis: implications in diabetes and metabolic abnormalities. Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 3;7:43640. doi:10.1038/srep43640.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu Y, Teng C, Yu S, Wang X, Liang J, Bai X, Dong L, Song T, Yu M, Qu J. Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide regulates gut microbiota of chronic pancreatitis in mice. AMB Express. 2017 Dec;7(1):39. doi:10.1186/s13568–017–0341–1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu Y, Teng C, Yu S, Wang X, Liang J, Bai X, Dong L, Song T, Yu M, Qu J. Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide regulates gut microbiota of chronic pancreatitis in mice. AMB Express. 2017 Dec;7(1):39. doi:10.1186/s13568–017–0341–1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frost F, Weiss FU, Sendler M, et al. The Gut Microbiome in Patients With Chronic Pancreatitis Is Characterized by Significant Dysbiosis and Overgrowth by Opportunistic Pathogens. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2020 Sep;11(9): e00232. doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frost F, Weiss FU, Sendler M, et al. The Gut Microbiome in Patients With Chronic Pancreatitis Is Characterized by Significant Dysbiosis and Overgrowth by Opportunistic Pathogens. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2020 Sep;11(9): e00232. doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000232.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou CH, Meng YT, Xu JJ, et al. Altered diversity and composition of gut microbiota in Chinese patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2020 Jan;20(1):16–24. doi:10.1016/j.pan.2019.11.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou CH, Meng YT, Xu JJ, et al. Altered diversity and composition of gut microbiota in Chinese patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2020 Jan;20(1):16–24. doi:10.1016/j.pan.2019.11.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brubaker L, Luu S, Hoffman K, Wood A, Navarro Cagigas M, Yao Q, Petrosino J, Fisher W, Van Buren G. Micro biome changes associated with acute and chronic pancreatitis: A systematic review. Pancreatology. 2021 Jan;21(1):1–14. doi:10.1016/j.pan.2020.12.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brubaker L, Luu S, Hoffman K, Wood A, Navarro Cagigas M, Yao Q, Petrosino J, Fisher W, Van Buren G. Micro biome changes associated with acute and chronic pancreatitis: A systematic review. Pancreatology. 2021 Jan;21(1):1–14. doi:10.1016/j.pan.2020.12.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang W, Xiao Y, Wang X, Zhou Y, Wang T, Xv C, Shen BY. Disordered Gut Microbiota in Children Who Have Chronic Pancreatitis and Different Functional Gene Mutations. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2020 Mar;11(3): e00150. doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang W, Xiao Y, Wang X, Zhou Y, Wang T, Xv C, Shen BY. Disordered Gut Microbiota in Children Who Have Chronic Pancreatitis and Different Functional Gene Mutations. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2020 Mar;11(3): e00150. doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frost F, Kacprowski T, Rühlemann M, et al. Impaired Exocrine Pancreatic Function Associates With Changes in Intestinal Microbiota Composition and Diversity. Gastroenterology. 2019 Mar;156(4):1010–1015. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.10.047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frost F, Kacprowski T, Rühlemann M, et al. Impaired Exocrine Pancreatic Function Associates With Changes in Intestinal Microbiota Composition and Diversity. Gastroenterology. 2019 Mar;156(4):1010–1015. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.10.047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pietzner M, Budde K, Rühlemann M, Völzke H, Homuth G, Weiss FU, Lerch MM, Frost F. Exocrine Pancreatic Function Modulates Plasma Metabolites Through Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Apr 23;106(5): e2290-e2298. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa961.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pietzner M, Budde K, Rühlemann M, Völzke H, Homuth G, Weiss FU, Lerch MM, Frost F. Exocrine Pancreatic Function Modulates Plasma Metabolites Through Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Apr 23;106(5): e2290-e2298. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa961.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahuja M, Schwartz DM, Tandon M, Son A, et al. Orai1-Mediated Antimicrobial Secretion from Pancreatic Acini Shapes the Gut Microbiome and Regulates Gut Innate Immunity. Cell Metab. 2017 Mar 7;25(3):635–646. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.02.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahuja M, Schwartz DM, Tandon M, Son A, et al. Orai1-Mediated Antimicrobial Secretion from Pancreatic Acini Shapes the Gut Microbiome and Regulates Gut Innate Immunity. Cell Metab. 2017 Mar 7;25(3):635–646. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.02.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan LL, Li BB, Pan XH, Sun J. Gut microbiota in pancreatic diseases: possible new therapeutic strategies. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2021 Jul;42(7):1027–1039. doi:10.1038/s41401–020–00532–0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan LL, Li BB, Pan XH, Sun J. Gut microbiota in pancreatic diseases: possible new therapeutic strategies. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2021 Jul;42(7):1027–1039. doi:10.1038/s41401–020–00532–0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Humbert L, Rainteau D, Tuvignon N, Wolf C, Seksik P, Laugier R, Carrière F. Postprandial bile acid levels in intestine and plasma reveal altered biliary circulation in chronic pancreatitis patients. J Lipid Res. 2018 Nov;59(11):2202–2213. doi:10.1194/jlr.M084830.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Humbert L, Rainteau D, Tuvignon N, Wolf C, Seksik P, Laugier R, Carrière F. Postprandial bile acid levels in intestine and plasma reveal altered biliary circulation in chronic pancreatitis patients. J Lipid Res. 2018 Nov;59(11):2202–2213. doi:10.1194/jlr.M084830.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas RM, Jobin C. Microbiota in pancreatic health and disease: the next frontier in microbiome research. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Jan;17(1):53–64. doi:10.1038/s41575–019–0242–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas RM, Jobin C. Microbiota in pancreatic health and disease: the next frontier in microbiome research. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Jan;17(1):53–64. doi:10.1038/s41575–019–0242–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dos Santos PQ, Guedes JC, de Jesus RP, Santos RRD, Fiaconne RL. Effects of using symbiotics in the clinical nutritional evolution of patients with chronic pancreatitis: Study prospective, randomized, controlled, double blind. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2017 Apr;18:9–15. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.01.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dos Santos PQ, Guedes JC, de Jesus RP, Santos RRD, Fiaconne RL. Effects of using symbiotics in the clinical nutritional evolution of patients with chronic pancreatitis: Study prospective, randomized, controlled, double blind. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2017 Apr;18:9–15. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.01.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rammohan A, Sathyanesan J, Rajendran K, et al. Synbiotics in Surgery for Chronic Pancreatitis: Are They Truly Effective? A Single-blind Prospective Randomized Control Trial. Ann Surg. 2015 Jul;262(1):31–7. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001077.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rammohan A, Sathyanesan J, Rajendran K, et al. Synbiotics in Surgery for Chronic Pancreatitis: Are They Truly Effective? A Single-blind Prospective Randomized Control Trial. Ann Surg. 2015 Jul;262(1):31–7. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001077.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lorenzo-Zúñiga V, Llop E, Suárez C, Alvarez B, Abreu L, Espadaler J, Serra J. I.31, a new combination of probiotics, improves irritable bowel syndrome-related quality of life. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jul 14;20(26):8709–8716. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i26.8709.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lorenzo-Zúñiga V, Llop E, Suárez C, Alvarez B, Abreu L, Espadaler J, Serra J. I.31, a new combination of probiotics, improves irritable bowel syndrome-related quality of life. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jul 14;20(26):8709–8716. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i26.8709.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лазебник Л. Б., Голованова Е. В., Волель Б. А., и соавт. Функциональные заболевания органов пищеварения. Синдромы перекреста. Клинические рекомендации Российского Научного Медицинского Общества Терапевтов и Научного Общества Гастроэнтерологов России. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2021;(8):5–117. doi:10.31146/1682–8658-ecg-192–8–5–117.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazebnik L. B., Golovanova E. V., Volel B. A., Korochanskaya N. V., Lyalyukova E. A., Mokshina M. V., Mekhtiev S. N., Mekhtieva O. A., Metsaeva Z. V., Petelin D. S., Simanenkov V. I., Sitkin S. I., Cheremushkin S. V., Chernogorova M. V., Khavkin A. I.; Russian Scientific Medical Society of Therapists; Scientific Society of Gastroenterologists of Russia. Functional diseases of the digestive system. Crossover syndromes. Clinical guidelines. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2021;(8):5–117. (In Russ.) doi:10.31146/1682–8658-ecg-192–8–5–117.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lorén V, Manyé J, Fuentes MC, Cabré E, Ojanguren I, Espadaler J. Comparative Effect of the I3.1 Probiotic Formula in Two Animal Models of Colitis. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2017 Mar;9(1):71–80. doi:10.1007/s12602–016–9239–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lorén V, Manyé J, Fuentes MC, Cabré E, Ojanguren I, Espadaler J. Comparative Effect of the I3.1 Probiotic Formula in Two Animal Models of Colitis. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2017 Mar;9(1):71–80. doi:10.1007/s12602–016–9239–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perez M, Astó E, Huedo P, Alcántara C, Buj D, Espadaler J. Derived Postbiotics of a Multi‐strain Probiotic Formula Clinically Validated for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. FASEB J. 2020;34(S1):1–1. doi:10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.05062.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perez M, Astó E, Huedo P, Alcántara C, Buj D, Espadaler J. Derived Postbiotics of a Multi‐strain Probiotic Formula Clinically Validated for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. FASEB J. 2020;34(S1):1–1. doi:10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.05062.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minaga K, Watanabe T, Kudo M. Probiotic-Derived Polyphosphate Prevents Pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2021 Nov;66(11):3665–3667. doi:10.1007/s10620–020–06809-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minaga K, Watanabe T, Kudo M. Probiotic-Derived Polyphosphate Prevents Pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2021 Nov;66(11):3665–3667. doi:10.1007/s10620–020–06809-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sitkin S, Vakhitov T, Pokrotnieks J. How to Increase the Butyrate-Producing Capacity of the Gut Microbiome: Do IBD Patients Really Need Butyrate Replacement and Butyrogenic Therapy? J Crohns Colitis. 2018 Jun 28;12(7):881–882. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy033.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sitkin S, Vakhitov T, Pokrotnieks J. How to Increase the Butyrate-Producing Capacity of the Gut Microbiome: Do IBD Patients Really Need Butyrate Replacement and Butyrogenic Therapy? J Crohns Colitis. 2018 Jun 28;12(7):881–882. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy033.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lopez-Siles M, Duncan SH, Garcia-Gil LJ, MartinezMedina M. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: from microbiology to diagnostics and prognostics. ISME J. 2017 Apr;11(4):841–852. doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopez-Siles M, Duncan SH, Garcia-Gil LJ, MartinezMedina M. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: from microbiology to diagnostics and prognostics. ISME J. 2017 Apr;11(4):841–852. doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.176.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanika G, Khan S, Jena G. Sodium Butyrate Ameliorates L-Arginine-Induced Pancreatitis and Associated Fibrosis in Wistar Rat: Role of Inflammation and Nitrosative Stress. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2015 Aug;29(8):349–59. doi:10.1002/jbt.21698.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanika G, Khan S, Jena G. Sodium Butyrate Ameliorates L-Arginine-Induced Pancreatitis and Associated Fibrosis in Wistar Rat: Role of Inflammation and Nitrosative Stress. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2015 Aug;29(8):349–59. doi:10.1002/jbt.21698.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan X, Fang X, Wang F, Li H, Niu W, Liang W, Wu C, Li J, Tu X, Pan LL, Sun J. Butyrate ameliorates caeruleininduced acute pancreatitis and associated intestinal injury by tissue-specific mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol. 2019 Dec;176(23):4446–4461. doi:10.1111/bph.14806.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan X, Fang X, Wang F, Li H, Niu W, Liang W, Wu C, Li J, Tu X, Pan LL, Sun J. Butyrate ameliorates caeruleininduced acute pancreatitis and associated intestinal injury by tissue-specific mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol. 2019 Dec;176(23):4446–4461. doi:10.1111/bph.14806.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van den Berg FF, van Dalen D, Hyoju SK, van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, Wiersinga WJ, Zaborina O, Boermeester MA, Alverdy J. Western-type diet influences mortality from necrotising pancreatitis and demonstrates a central role for butyrate. Gut. 2021 May;70(5):915–927. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019–320430.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van den Berg FF, van Dalen D, Hyoju SK, van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, Wiersinga WJ, Zaborina O, Boermeester MA, Alverdy J. Western-type diet influences mortality from necrotising pancreatitis and demonstrates a central role for butyrate. Gut. 2021 May;70(5):915–927. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019–320430.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ардатская М. Д. Клинический опыт применения препарата масляной кислоты Закофальк® врачами разных специальностей. М.: 4ТЕ Арт; 2011. 88 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ardatskaya M. D. Clinical experience of using the butyric acid preparation Zakofalk® by physicians of various specialties. Moscow. 4TE Art; 2011. 88 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu Y, Teng C, Yu S, Wang X, Liang J, Bai X, Dong L, Song T, Yu M, Qu J. Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide regulates gut microbiota of chronic pancreatitis in mice. AMB Express. 2017 Dec;7(1):39. doi:10.1186/s13568–017–0341–1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu Y, Teng C, Yu S, Wang X, Liang J, Bai X, Dong L, Song T, Yu M, Qu J. Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide regulates gut microbiota of chronic pancreatitis in mice. AMB Express. 2017 Dec;7(1):39. doi:10.1186/s13568–017–0341–1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He Y, Wu C, Li J, Li H, Sun Z, Zhang H, de Vos P, Pan LL, Sun J. Inulin-Type Fructans Modulates Pancreatic-Gut Innate Immune Responses and Gut Barrier Integrity during Experimental Acute Pancreatitis in a Chain Length-Dependent Manner. Front Immunol. 2017 Sep 26; 8: 1209. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He Y, Wu C, Li J, Li H, Sun Z, Zhang H, de Vos P, Pan LL, Sun J. Inulin-Type Fructans Modulates Pancreatic-Gut Innate Immune Responses and Gut Barrier Integrity during Experimental Acute Pancreatitis in a Chain Length-Dependent Manner. Front Immunol. 2017 Sep 26; 8: 1209. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гриневич В. Б., Сас Е. И., Денисов Н. Л., Ефимов О. И. Хронический панкреатит: микробно-тканевой комплекс кишечника и системная воспалительная реакция. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2011;(7):13–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grinevich V.B., Sas E. I., Denisov N. L., Efimov O. I. Chronic pancreatitis: Microbe-intestinal tissue complex and systemic inflammatory response. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2011;(7):13–17. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ribichini E, Stigliano S, Rossi S, Zaccari P, Sacchi MC, Bruno G, Badiali D, Severi C. Role of Fibre in Nutritional Management of Pancreatic Diseases. Nutrients. 2019 Sep 14;11(9):2219. doi:10.3390/nu11092219.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ribichini E, Stigliano S, Rossi S, Zaccari P, Sacchi MC, Bruno G, Badiali D, Severi C. Role of Fibre in Nutritional Management of Pancreatic Diseases. Nutrients. 2019 Sep 14;11(9):2219. doi:10.3390/nu11092219.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В. Т., Маев И. В., Охлобыстин А. В., Алексеенко С. А., Белобородова Е. В., Кучерявый Ю. А., Лапина Т. Л., Трухманов А. С., Хлынов И. Б., Чикунова М. В., Шептулин А. А., Шифрин О. С. Клинические рекомендации Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации по диагностике и лечению экзокринной недостаточности поджелудочной железы. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2018;28(2):72–100. doi:10.22416/1382–4376–2018–28–2–72–100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V.T., Mayev I. V., Okhlobystin A. V., et al. Diagnostics and treatment of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency: clinical guidelines of the Russian gastroenterological association. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2018;28(2):72–100. (In Russ.) doi: 10.22416/1382–4376–2018–28–2–72–100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ritz S, Hahn D, Wami HT, Tegelkamp K, Dobrindt U, Schnekenburger J. Gut microbiome as a response marker for pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in a porcine model of exocrine pancreas insufficiency. Microb Cell Fact. 2020 Dec 3;19(1):221. doi:10.1186/s12934–020–01482–2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ritz S, Hahn D, Wami HT, Tegelkamp K, Dobrindt U, Schnekenburger J. Gut microbiome as a response marker for pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in a porcine model of exocrine pancreas insufficiency. Microb Cell Fact. 2020 Dec 3;19(1):221. doi:10.1186/s12934–020–01482–2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishiyama H, Nagai T, Kudo M, Okazaki Y, Azuma Y, Watanabe T, Goto S, Ogata H, Sakurai T. Supplementation of pancreatic digestive enzymes alters the composition of intestinal microbiota in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018 Jan 1;495(1):273–279. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishiyama H, Nagai T, Kudo M, Okazaki Y, Azuma Y, Watanabe T, Goto S, Ogata H, Sakurai T. Supplementation of pancreatic digestive enzymes alters the composition of intestinal microbiota in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018 Jan 1;495(1):273–279. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
