nogrЭкспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерологияExperimental and Clinical Gastroenterology1682-8658«Global Media Technologies»10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-180-8-114-121nogr-1439Research ArticleОБЗОРREVIEWНеинвазивные методы диагностики язвенного колитаNon-invasive methods for the diagnosis of ulcerative colitishttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9252-9152БикбавоваГ. Р.BikbavovaG. R.

Бикбавова Галия Равильевна - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры госпитальной терапии, эндокринологии.

644099, Омская область, Омск, ул. Ленина, д. 12

Bikbavova Galiya Ravilievna - candidate of medical sciences, associate professor of the Department of Hospital Therapy, Endocrinology.

St. Lenina, 12, Omsk, 644099

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7603-8481АхмедовВ. А.AkhmedovV. A.

Ахмедов Вадим Адильевич - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой медицинской реабилитации дополнительного профессионального образования.

644099, Омская область, Омск, ул. Ленина, д. 12

Vadim A. Akhmedov - MD, professor, head of the department of medical rehabilitation of additional professional education.

St. Lenina, 12, Omsk, 644099

V_akhmedov@mail.ruНовиковД. Г.NovikovD. G.

Новиков Дмитрий Георгиевич - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры клинической лабораторной диагностики дополнительного профессионального образования.

644099, Омская область, Омск, ул. Ленина, д. 12

Novikov Dmitry Georgievich - candidate of medical sciences, associate professor of the Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of Continuing Professional Education.

St. Lenina, 12, Omsk, 644099

ПодсохинА. Н.PodsokhinA. N.

Подсохин Алексей Николаевич - ординатор кафедры госпитальной терапии, эндокринологии.

644099, Омская область, Омск, ул. Ленина, д. 12

Podsokhin Aleksey Nikolaevich - resident of the Department of Hospital Therapy, Endocrinology.

St. Lenina, 12, Omsk, 644099

ПодсохинС. Н.PodsokhinS. N.

Подсохин Сергей Николаевич - ординатор кафедры госпитальной терапии, эндокринологии.

644099, Омская область, Омск, ул. Ленина, д. 12

Podsokhin Sergey Nikolaevich - resident of the Department of Hospital Therapy, Endocrinology.

St. Lenina, 12, Omsk, 644099

ФГБОУ ВО ОмГМУ Минздрава РоссииРоссияOmsk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian FederationRussian Federation20201810202008114121Copyright © Бикбавова Г.Р., Ахмедов В.А., Новиков Д.Г., Подсохин А.Н., Подсохин С.Н., 20202020Бикбавова Г.Р., Ахмедов В.А., Новиков Д.Г., Подсохин А.Н., Подсохин С.Н.Bikbavova G.R., Akhmedov V.A., Novikov D.G., Podsokhin A.N., Podsokhin S.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/1439

В последние годы с совершенствованием лабораторной диагностики появились принципиально новые сывороточные, фекальные маркеры, позволяющие повысить точность диагностики язвенного колита, оценить степень активности заболевания, эффективности проводимого лечения, а также проводить скрининг колоректального рака.

В статье изложены современные данные о генетических, фекальных, сывороточных маркерах, которые в будущем могут войти в современные высоковалидные диагностические панели диагностики язвенного колита.

In recent years, with the improvement of laboratory diagnostics, fundamentally new serum and fecal markers have ap-peared that allow increasing the accuracy of the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, assessing the degree of disease activity, the effectiveness of treatment, and screening for colorectal cancer. The article presents current data on genetic, fecal, and serum markers that may be included in modern valuable diagnostic panels for the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis in the future.

язвенный колитдиагностические маркерыдиагностикавоспалительные заболевания кишечникаulcerative colitisdiagnostic markersdiagnosticsinfl ammatory bowel diseasesReferencesChristodoulou K, Wiskin AE, Gibson J. et al. Next gen-eration exome sequencing of paediatric infl ammatory bowel disease patients identifi es rare and novel variants in candidate genes. Gut, 2013, Vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 977–984. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011–301833.Christodoulou K, Wiskin AE, Gibson J. et al. Next gen-eration exome sequencing of paediatric infl ammatory bowel disease patients identifi es rare and novel variants in candidate genes. Gut, 2013, Vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 977–984. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011–301833.Soubières AA, Poullis A. Emerging biomarkers for the di-agnosis and monitoring of infl ammatory bowel diseases.Soubières AA, Poullis A. Emerging biomarkers for the di-agnosis and monitoring of infl ammatory bowel diseases.Infl amm Bowel Dis, 2016, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 2016–2022. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000836Infl amm Bowel Dis, 2016, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 2016–2022. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000836Cheon JH. Genetics of infl ammatory bowel diseases: a comparison between Western and Eastern perspectives.Cheon JH. Genetics of infl ammatory bowel diseases: a comparison between Western and Eastern perspectives.J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2013, vol. 28, no. 2, Pp. 220–226. doi: 10.1111/jgh.12053.J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2013, vol. 28, no. 2, Pp. 220–226. doi: 10.1111/jgh.12053.Bin C., Zhirong Z., Xiaoqin W. et al. Contribution of rs11465788 in IL23R gene to Crohn’s disease suscepti-bility and phenotype in Chinese population. J Genet, 2009, vol. 88, no. 2, pp191–196. DOI: 10.1007/s12041–009–0027–9Bin C., Zhirong Z., Xiaoqin W. et al. Contribution of rs11465788 in IL23R gene to Crohn’s disease suscepti-bility and phenotype in Chinese population. J Genet, 2009, vol. 88, no. 2, pp191–196. DOI: 10.1007/s12041–009–0027–9Jürgens M., Laubender R. P., Hartl F. et al. Disease activity, ANCA, and IL23R genotype status determine early response to infl iximab in patients with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol, 2010, vol. 105, no. 8 pp. 1811–1919. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.95.Jürgens M., Laubender R. P., Hartl F. et al. Disease activity, ANCA, and IL23R genotype status determine early response to infl iximab in patients with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol, 2010, vol. 105, no. 8 pp. 1811–1919. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.95.Rump J. A., Schölmerich J., Gross V. et al. A new type of perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) in active ulcerative colitis but not in Crohn’s disease. Immunobiology, 1990, vol. 181, no 4–5, pp. 406– 413. DOI: 10.1016/S0171–2985(11)80509–7Rump J. A., Schölmerich J., Gross V. et al. A new type of perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) in active ulcerative colitis but not in Crohn’s disease. Immunobiology, 1990, vol. 181, no 4–5, pp. 406– 413. DOI: 10.1016/S0171–2985(11)80509–7Vidrich A., Lee J., James E. et al. Segregation of pANCA antigenic recognition by DNase treatment of neutrophils: ulcerative colitis, type 1 autoimmune hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis, J Clin Immunol, 1995, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 293–299. DOI: 10.1007/BF01541319Vidrich A., Lee J., James E. et al. Segregation of pANCA antigenic recognition by DNase treatment of neutrophils: ulcerative colitis, type 1 autoimmune hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis, J Clin Immunol, 1995, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 293–299. DOI: 10.1007/BF01541319Lodes M. J., Cong Y., Elson C. O. et al. Bacterial fl agellin is a dominant antigen in Crohn disease, J Clin Invest. 2004, vol. 113, no. 9, pp. 1296–1306. DOI: 10.1172/JCI20295Lodes M. J., Cong Y., Elson C. O. et al. Bacterial fl agellin is a dominant antigen in Crohn disease, J Clin Invest. 2004, vol. 113, no. 9, pp. 1296–1306. DOI: 10.1172/JCI20295Dotan I., Fishman S., Dgani Y. et al. Antibodies against laminaribioside and chitobioside are novel sero-logic markers in Crohn’s disease, Gastroenterology. 2006, vol.131, no. 2, pp:366–378. DOI: 10.1053/j.gas-tro.2006.04.030Dotan I., Fishman S., Dgani Y. et al. Antibodies against laminaribioside and chitobioside are novel sero-logic markers in Crohn’s disease, Gastroenterology. 2006, vol.131, no. 2, pp:366–378. DOI: 10.1053/j.gas-tro.2006.04.030Ghosh S., Goldin E., Gordon F. H. et al. Natalizumab for active Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med, 2003, vol. 348, no. 1, pp. 24–32. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa020732Ghosh S., Goldin E., Gordon F. H. et al. Natalizumab for active Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med, 2003, vol. 348, no. 1, pp. 24–32. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa020732Sendid B., Colombel J. F., Jacquinot P. M. et al. Specifi c antibody response to oligomannosidic epitopes in Crohn’s disease. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 1996, vol.3, no, 2, pp. 219–226.Sendid B., Colombel J. F., Jacquinot P. M. et al. Specifi c antibody response to oligomannosidic epitopes in Crohn’s disease. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 1996, vol.3, no, 2, pp. 219–226.Tillett WS, Francis T. Serological reactions in pneumonia with a non-protein somatic fraction of pneumococcus.Tillett WS, Francis T. Serological reactions in pneumonia with a non-protein somatic fraction of pneumococcus.Th e Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1930, vol.52, no. 4, Pp. 561–571. DOI: 10.1084/jem.52.4.561Th e Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1930, vol.52, no. 4, Pp. 561–571. DOI: 10.1084/jem.52.4.561Abdelrazeq A. S., Wilson T. R., Leitch D. L. et al. Ileitis in ulcerative colitis: is it a backwash? Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, 2005, vol, 48, no. 11, pp. 2038–2046. DOI: 10.1007/s10350–005–0160–3Abdelrazeq A. S., Wilson T. R., Leitch D. L. et al. Ileitis in ulcerative colitis: is it a backwash? Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, 2005, vol, 48, no. 11, pp. 2038–2046. DOI: 10.1007/s10350–005–0160–3Okba A. M., Amin M. M., Abdelmoaty A. S. et al. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio in ulcerative colitis as non-invasive biomarkers of disease activity and severity. Autoimmun Highlights, 2019, vol 10, no. 1, pp. 4. doi: 10.1186/s13317–019–0114–8.Okba A. M., Amin M. M., Abdelmoaty A. S. et al. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio in ulcerative colitis as non-invasive biomarkers of disease activity and severity. Autoimmun Highlights, 2019, vol 10, no. 1, pp. 4. doi: 10.1186/s13317–019–0114–8.Fagerhol M, K,, Dale I,, Andersson T. A radioimmu-noassay for a granulocyte protein as a marker in stud-ies on the turnover of such cells. Bulletin Europeen de Physiopathologie Respiratoire, 1980, vol 16, supple-ment, pp. 273–282. DOI: 10.1016/b978–0–08–027379–2.50028–4Fagerhol M, K,, Dale I,, Andersson T. A radioimmu-noassay for a granulocyte protein as a marker in stud-ies on the turnover of such cells. Bulletin Europeen de Physiopathologie Respiratoire, 1980, vol 16, supple-ment, pp. 273–282. DOI: 10.1016/b978–0–08–027379–2.50028–4Smith LA, Gaya DR. Utility of faecal calprotectin analysis in adult infl ammatory bowel disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2012, vol.18, no. 46, pp. 6782–6789. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i46.6782.Smith LA, Gaya DR. Utility of faecal calprotectin analysis in adult infl ammatory bowel disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2012, vol.18, no. 46, pp. 6782–6789. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i46.6782.Schoepfer A.M, Trummler M., Seeholzer P. et al. Discriminating IBD from IBS: comparison of the test performance of fecal markers, blood leukocytes, CRP, and IBD antibodies. Infl ammatory Bowel Diseases, 2008, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 32–39. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20275Schoepfer A.M, Trummler M., Seeholzer P. et al. Discriminating IBD from IBS: comparison of the test performance of fecal markers, blood leukocytes, CRP, and IBD antibodies. Infl ammatory Bowel Diseases, 2008, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 32–39. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20275von Roon A. C., Karamountzos L., Purkayastha S. et al. Diagnostic precision of fecal calprotectin for infl am-matory bowel disease and colorectal malignancy. Th e American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2007, vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 803–813. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572–0241.2007.01126.xvon Roon A. C., Karamountzos L., Purkayastha S. et al. Diagnostic precision of fecal calprotectin for infl am-matory bowel disease and colorectal malignancy. Th e American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2007, vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 803–813. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572–0241.2007.01126.xRicanek P., Brackmann S., Perminow G. et al. Evaluation of disease activity in IBD at the time of diagnosis by the use of clinical, biochemical, and fecal markers. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2011, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 1081–1091. DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2011.584897Ricanek P., Brackmann S., Perminow G. et al. Evaluation of disease activity in IBD at the time of diagnosis by the use of clinical, biochemical, and fecal markers. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2011, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 1081–1091. DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2011.584897Sipponen T., Savilahti E., Kärkkäinen P. et al. Fecal cal-protectin, lactoferrin, and endoscopic disease activity in monitoring anti-TNF-alpha therapy for Crohn’s dis-ease. Infl ammatory Bowel Diseases, 2008, vol.14, no.10, pp.1392–1398. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20490.Sipponen T., Savilahti E., Kärkkäinen P. et al. Fecal cal-protectin, lactoferrin, and endoscopic disease activity in monitoring anti-TNF-alpha therapy for Crohn’s dis-ease. Infl ammatory Bowel Diseases, 2008, vol.14, no.10, pp.1392–1398. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20490.Røseth AG, Aadland E, Grzyb K. Normalization of faecal calprotectin: a predictor of mucosal healing in patients with infl ammatory bowel disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2004, vol.39, no.10, pp. 1017–1020. DOI: 10.1080/00365520410007971Røseth AG, Aadland E, Grzyb K. Normalization of faecal calprotectin: a predictor of mucosal healing in patients with infl ammatory bowel disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2004, vol.39, no.10, pp. 1017–1020. DOI: 10.1080/00365520410007971Mao R., Xiao Y. L., Gao X. et al. Fecal calprotectin in predicting relapse of, infl ammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 2012, vol.18, no. 10, pp.1894–1899. doi: 10.1002/ibd.22861.Mao R., Xiao Y. L., Gao X. et al. Fecal calprotectin in predicting relapse of, infl ammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 2012, vol.18, no. 10, pp.1894–1899. doi: 10.1002/ibd.22861.Baveye S., Elass E., Mazurier J. et al. Lactoferrin: a multifunctional glycoprotein involved in the modulation of the infl ammatory process. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 1999, vol.37, no. 3, pp. 281–286. DOI: 10.1515/CCLM.1999.049Baveye S., Elass E., Mazurier J. et al. Lactoferrin: a multifunctional glycoprotein involved in the modulation of the infl ammatory process. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 1999, vol.37, no. 3, pp. 281–286. DOI: 10.1515/CCLM.1999.049Joishy M, Davies I, Ahmed Ml. Fecal calprotectin and lac-toferrin as noninvasive markers of pediatric infl ammato-ry bowel disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2009, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 48–54. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31816533d3.Joishy M, Davies I, Ahmed Ml. Fecal calprotectin and lac-toferrin as noninvasive markers of pediatric infl ammato-ry bowel disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2009, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 48–54. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31816533d3.Sugi K., Saitoh O., Hirata I. et al. Fecal lactoferrin as a marker for disease activity in infl ammatory bowel disease: comparison with other neutrophil-derived pro-teins. Th e American Journal of Gastroenterology, 1996, vol. 91, no.5, pp. 927–934.Sugi K., Saitoh O., Hirata I. et al. Fecal lactoferrin as a marker for disease activity in infl ammatory bowel disease: comparison with other neutrophil-derived pro-teins. Th e American Journal of Gastroenterology, 1996, vol. 91, no.5, pp. 927–934.Kane SV, Sandborn WJ, Rufo P. A. et al. Fecal lactoferrin is a sensitive and specifi c marker in identifying intestinal inflammation. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2003, vol. 98, no. 6, pp. 1309–1314. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572–0241.2003.07458.xKane SV, Sandborn WJ, Rufo P. A. et al. Fecal lactoferrin is a sensitive and specifi c marker in identifying intestinal inflammation. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2003, vol. 98, no. 6, pp. 1309–1314. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572–0241.2003.07458.xNancey S., Boschetti G., Moussata D. et al. Neopterin is a novel reliable fecal marker as accurate as calprotectin for predicting endoscopic disease activity in patients with infl ammatory bowel diseases. Infl ammatory Bowel Diseases. 2013, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1043–1052. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182807577.Nancey S., Boschetti G., Moussata D. et al. Neopterin is a novel reliable fecal marker as accurate as calprotectin for predicting endoscopic disease activity in patients with infl ammatory bowel diseases. Infl ammatory Bowel Diseases. 2013, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1043–1052. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182807577.Husain N., Tokoro K., Popov J. M. et al. Neopterin con-centration as an index of disease activity in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 2013, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 246–251. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182582cdb.Husain N., Tokoro K., Popov J. M. et al. Neopterin con-centration as an index of disease activity in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 2013, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 246–251. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182582cdb.van de Logt F, Day AS. S100A12: a noninvasive marker of infl ammation in infl ammatory bowel disease. Journal of Digestive Diseases, 2013, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 62–67. doi: 10.1111/1751–2980.12012.van de Logt F, Day AS. S100A12: a noninvasive marker of infl ammation in infl ammatory bowel disease. Journal of Digestive Diseases, 2013, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 62–67. doi: 10.1111/1751–2980.12012.Turner D., Leach S. T., Mack D. Faecal calprotectin, lac-toferrin, M2-pyruvate kinase and S100A12 in severe ul-cerative colitis: a prospective multicentre comparison of predicting outcomes and monitoring response. Gut. 2010, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 1207–1212. doi: 10.1136/gut.2010.211755.Turner D., Leach S. T., Mack D. Faecal calprotectin, lac-toferrin, M2-pyruvate kinase and S100A12 in severe ul-cerative colitis: a prospective multicentre comparison of predicting outcomes and monitoring response. Gut. 2010, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 1207–1212. doi: 10.1136/gut.2010.211755.Kaiser T., Langhorst J., Wittkowski H. et al. Faecal S100A12 as a non-invasive marker distinguishing infl ammatory bowel disease from irritable bowel syndrome. Gut, 2007, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 1706–1713. DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.113431Kaiser T., Langhorst J., Wittkowski H. et al. Faecal S100A12 as a non-invasive marker distinguishing infl ammatory bowel disease from irritable bowel syndrome. Gut, 2007, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 1706–1713. DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.113431Foell D., Kucharzik T., Kraft M. et al. Neutrophil de-rived human S100A12 (EN-RAGE) is strongly expressed during chronic active inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 2003, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 847–853. DOI: 10.1136/gut.52.6.847Foell D., Kucharzik T., Kraft M. et al. Neutrophil de-rived human S100A12 (EN-RAGE) is strongly expressed during chronic active inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 2003, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 847–853. DOI: 10.1136/gut.52.6.847O’Connell R.M., Rao D. S., Chaudhuri A. A. et al. Physiological and pathological roles for microRNAs in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol., 2010, vol. 10, no.O’Connell R.M., Rao D. S., Chaudhuri A. A. et al. Physiological and pathological roles for microRNAs in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol., 2010, vol. 10, no.Dalal S.R, Kwon J. H. Th e role of MicroRNA in infl am-matory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 714–722.Dalal S.R, Kwon J. H. Th e role of MicroRNA in infl am-matory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 714–722.Wu F., Zhang S., Dassopoulos T. et al. Identifi cation of microRNAs associated with ileal and colonic Crohn’s disease. Infl amm Bowel Dis, 2010, vol.16, no. 10, pp. 1729–1738. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21267.Wu F., Zhang S., Dassopoulos T. et al. Identifi cation of microRNAs associated with ileal and colonic Crohn’s disease. Infl amm Bowel Dis, 2010, vol.16, no. 10, pp. 1729–1738. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21267.Iborra M., Bernuzzi F., Correale C. et al. Identifi cation of serum and tissue micro-RNA expression profi les in different stages of infl ammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol, 2013, vol.173, no.2, pp. 250–258. doi: 10.1111/cei.12104.Iborra M., Bernuzzi F., Correale C. et al. Identifi cation of serum and tissue micro-RNA expression profi les in different stages of infl ammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol, 2013, vol.173, no.2, pp. 250–258. doi: 10.1111/cei.12104.De Iudicibus S., Lucafò M., Martelossi S. et al. MicroRNAs as tools to predict glucocorticoid response in infl amma-tory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, vol. 19, no. 44 pp. 7947–7954. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i44.7947.De Iudicibus S., Lucafò M., Martelossi S. et al. MicroRNAs as tools to predict glucocorticoid response in infl amma-tory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, vol. 19, no. 44 pp. 7947–7954. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i44.7947.Fujioka S., Nakamichi I., Esaki M. et al. Serum microRNA levels in patients with Crohn’s disease during induction therapy by infl iximab. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2014, vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 1207–1214. doi: 10.1111/jgh.12523.Fujioka S., Nakamichi I., Esaki M. et al. Serum microRNA levels in patients with Crohn’s disease during induction therapy by infl iximab. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2014, vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 1207–1214. doi: 10.1111/jgh.12523.Judmaier G., Meyersbach P., Weiss G. et al. Th e r ole o f neopterin in assessing disease activity in Crohn’s disease: classifi cation and regression trees. Th e American Journal of Gastroenterology, 1993, vol. 88, no. 5, pp 706–711.Judmaier G., Meyersbach P., Weiss G. et al. Th e r ole o f neopterin in assessing disease activity in Crohn’s disease: classifi cation and regression trees. Th e American Journal of Gastroenterology, 1993, vol. 88, no. 5, pp 706–711.Prior C., Bollbach R, Fuchs D. et al. Urinary neopterin, a marker of clinical activity in patients with Crohn’s disease. Clinica Chimica Acta, 1986, vol.155, no. 1. Pp. 11–21. DOI: 10.1016/0009–8981(86)90094-xPrior C., Bollbach R, Fuchs D. et al. Urinary neopterin, a marker of clinical activity in patients with Crohn’s disease. Clinica Chimica Acta, 1986, vol.155, no. 1. Pp. 11–21. DOI: 10.1016/0009–8981(86)90094-xNancey S, Perret-Liaudet A, Moussata D. et al. Urinary neopterin is a valuable tool in monitoring Crohn’s dis-ease activity. Infl ammatory Bowel Diseases. 2008, vol. 14, no.11, pp. 1548–1554. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20510.Nancey S, Perret-Liaudet A, Moussata D. et al. Urinary neopterin is a valuable tool in monitoring Crohn’s dis-ease activity. Infl ammatory Bowel Diseases. 2008, vol. 14, no.11, pp. 1548–1554. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20510.Niederwieser D., Fuchs D., Hausen A. Neopterin as a new biochemical marker in the clinical assessment of ulcerative colitis. Immunobiology, 1985, vol.170, no. 4, pp. 320–326. DOI: 10.1016/S0171–2985(85)80080–2Niederwieser D., Fuchs D., Hausen A. Neopterin as a new biochemical marker in the clinical assessment of ulcerative colitis. Immunobiology, 1985, vol.170, no. 4, pp. 320–326. DOI: 10.1016/S0171–2985(85)80080–2Li H, Tago K, Io K. et al. Th e cloning and nucleotide sequence of human ST2L cDNA. Genomics, 2000, vol.67, no. 3, pp. 284–290. DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6269Li H, Tago K, Io K. et al. Th e cloning and nucleotide sequence of human ST2L cDNA. Genomics, 2000, vol.67, no. 3, pp. 284–290. DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6269Diaz-Jimenez D., Nunez L. E., Beltran C. J. Soluble ST2: a new and promising activity marker in ulcerative colitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2011, vol. 17, no. 17, pp. 2181–2190. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i17.2181.Diaz-Jimenez D., Nunez L. E., Beltran C. J. Soluble ST2: a new and promising activity marker in ulcerative colitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2011, vol. 17, no. 17, pp. 2181–2190. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i17.2181.Tavano F., di Mola F. F., Latiano A. et al. Neuroimmune interactions in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: disease activity and clinical behavior based on Substance P serum levels. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis, 2012, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 563–570. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.11.004.Tavano F., di Mola F. F., Latiano A. et al. Neuroimmune interactions in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: disease activity and clinical behavior based on Substance P serum levels. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis, 2012, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 563–570. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.11.004.Nakarai A., Kato J., Hiraoka S. Evaluation of muco-sal healing of ulcerative colitis by a quantitative fe-cal immunochemical test. Th e American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2013, vol.108, no. 1, pp. 83–89. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.315Nakarai A., Kato J., Hiraoka S. Evaluation of muco-sal healing of ulcerative colitis by a quantitative fe-cal immunochemical test. Th e American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2013, vol.108, no. 1, pp. 83–89. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.315Aomatsu T., Imaeda H., Matsumoto K. et al. Faecal chiti-nase 3-like-1: a novel biomarker of disease activity in paediatric infl ammatory bowel disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Th erapeutics, 2011, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 941–948. doi: 10.1111/j.1365–2036.2011.04805.xAomatsu T., Imaeda H., Matsumoto K. et al. Faecal chiti-nase 3-like-1: a novel biomarker of disease activity in paediatric infl ammatory bowel disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Th erapeutics, 2011, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 941–948. doi: 10.1111/j.1365–2036.2011.04805.xBattat R., Dulai P. S., Vande Casteele N. et al. Biomarkers Are Associated With Clinical and Endoscopic Outcomes With Vedolizumab Treatment in Ulcerative Colitis.Battat R., Dulai P. S., Vande Casteele N. et al. Biomarkers Are Associated With Clinical and Endoscopic Outcomes With Vedolizumab Treatment in Ulcerative Colitis.Infl amm Bowel Dis, 2019, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 410–420. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izy307. 49. Ticho A. L., Malhotra P., Dudeja P. K. et al. Intestinal Absorption of Bile Acids in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol, 2019, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 21–56. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c190007.Infl amm Bowel Dis, 2019, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 410–420. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izy307. 49. Ticho A. L., Malhotra P., Dudeja P. K. et al. Intestinal Absorption of Bile Acids in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol, 2019, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 21–56. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c190007.Stojancevic M., Stankov K., Mikov M. Th e impact of farne-soid X receptor activation on intestinal permeability in infl ammatory bowel disease. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 2012, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 631–637. DOI: 10.1155/2012/538452Stojancevic M., Stankov K., Mikov M. Th e impact of farne-soid X receptor activation on intestinal permeability in infl ammatory bowel disease. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 2012, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 631–637. DOI: 10.1155/2012/538452Czub E., Herzig K. H., Szafl arska-Popławska A. et al. Fecal pyruvate kinase: a potential new marker for intestinal in-fl ammation in children with infl ammatory bowel disease.Czub E., Herzig K. H., Szafl arska-Popławska A. et al. Fecal pyruvate kinase: a potential new marker for intestinal in-fl ammation in children with infl ammatory bowel disease.Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2007, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 1147–1150. DOI: 10.1080/00365520701320513Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2007, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 1147–1150. DOI: 10.1080/00365520701320513Walkowiak J., Banasiewicz T., Krokowicz P. et al. Fecal pyruvate kinase (M2-PK): a new predictor for infl am-mation and severity of pouchitis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2005, vol.40, no. 12, pp. 1493–1494. DOI: 10.1080/00365520500319112Walkowiak J., Banasiewicz T., Krokowicz P. et al. Fecal pyruvate kinase (M2-PK): a new predictor for infl am-mation and severity of pouchitis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2005, vol.40, no. 12, pp. 1493–1494. DOI: 10.1080/00365520500319112McDowell G., Gupta S., Dellerba M. et al. Plasma con-centrations of tumour dimeric pyruvate kinase are increased in patients with chronic failure. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 2004, vol.41, no. 6, pp. 491–493. DOI: 10.1258/0004563042466712McDowell G., Gupta S., Dellerba M. et al. Plasma con-centrations of tumour dimeric pyruvate kinase are increased in patients with chronic failure. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 2004, vol.41, no. 6, pp. 491–493. DOI: 10.1258/0004563042466712Oehler R., Weingartmann G., Manhart N., et al. Polytrauma induces increased expression of pyruvate kinase in neutro-phils. Blood, 2000, vol.95, no. 3, pp. 1086–1092.Oehler R., Weingartmann G., Manhart N., et al. Polytrauma induces increased expression of pyruvate kinase in neutro-phils. Blood, 2000, vol.95, no. 3, pp. 1086–1092.Chung-Faye G., Hayee B., Maestranzi S. et al. Fecal M2-pyruvate kinase (M2-PK): a novel marker of intestinal infl ammation. Infl ammatory Bowel Diseases, 2007, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 1374–1378. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20214Chung-Faye G., Hayee B., Maestranzi S. et al. Fecal M2-pyruvate kinase (M2-PK): a novel marker of intestinal infl ammation. Infl ammatory Bowel Diseases, 2007, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 1374–1378. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20214Fasseu M., Tréton X., Guichard C. et al. Identifi cation of restricted subsets of mature microRNA abnormally expressed in inactive colonic mucosa of patients with infl ammatory bowel disease. PLoS ONE, 2010, vol. 5, no. 10, e13160. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013160.Fasseu M., Tréton X., Guichard C. et al. Identifi cation of restricted subsets of mature microRNA abnormally expressed in inactive colonic mucosa of patients with infl ammatory bowel disease. PLoS ONE, 2010, vol. 5, no. 10, e13160. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013160.Wu C. W., Ng S. S., Dong Y. J. et al. Detection of miR-92a and miR-21 in stool samples as potential screening bio-markers for colorectal cancer and polyps. Gut, 2012, vol. 61, No. 5, pp. 739–745. doi: 10.1136/gut.2011.239236.Wu C. W., Ng S. S., Dong Y. J. et al. Detection of miR-92a and miR-21 in stool samples as potential screening bio-markers for colorectal cancer and polyps. Gut, 2012, vol. 61, No. 5, pp. 739–745. doi: 10.1136/gut.2011.239236.Chen C. C., Pekow J., Llado V. et al. Chitinase 3-like-1 expression in colonic epithelial cells as a potentially novel marker for colitis-associated neoplasia. Th e A merican Journal of Pathology, 2011, vol. 179, no. 3, pp. 1494–1503. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.038.Chen C. C., Pekow J., Llado V. et al. Chitinase 3-like-1 expression in colonic epithelial cells as a potentially novel marker for colitis-associated neoplasia. Th e A merican Journal of Pathology, 2011, vol. 179, no. 3, pp. 1494–1503. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.038.Fonseca-Camarillo G., Yamamoto-Furusho J. K. Immunoregulatory pathways involved in infl ammato-ry bowel disease. Infl amm Bowel Dis, 2015, vol.21, no. 9, pp. 2188–2129. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000477.Fonseca-Camarillo G., Yamamoto-Furusho J. K. Immunoregulatory pathways involved in infl ammato-ry bowel disease. Infl amm Bowel Dis, 2015, vol.21, no. 9, pp. 2188–2129. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000477.Parronchi P., Romagnani P., Annunziato F. et al. Type 1 T-helper cell predominance and interleukin-12 expres-sion in the gut of patients with Crohn’s disease. Am J Pathol, 1997, vol.150, no. 3, pp. 823–832.Parronchi P., Romagnani P., Annunziato F. et al. Type 1 T-helper cell predominance and interleukin-12 expres-sion in the gut of patients with Crohn’s disease. Am J Pathol, 1997, vol.150, no. 3, pp. 823–832.León A. J., Gómez E., Garrote J. A. et al. High levels of proinfl ammatory cytokines, but not markers of tissue injury, in unaff ected intestinal areas from patients with IBD. Mediators Infl amm, 2009, vol.2009 pp. 580450. doi: 10.1155/2009/580450.León A. J., Gómez E., Garrote J. A. et al. High levels of proinfl ammatory cytokines, but not markers of tissue injury, in unaff ected intestinal areas from patients with IBD. Mediators Infl amm, 2009, vol.2009 pp. 580450. doi: 10.1155/2009/580450.Andoh A., Shioya M., Nishida A. et al. Expression of IL-24, an activator of the JAK1/STAT3/SOCS3 cascade, is enhanced in infl ammatory bowel disease. J Immunol, 2009, vol.183, no. 1, pp. 687–695. doi: 10.4049/jimmu-nol.0804169.Andoh A., Shioya M., Nishida A. et al. Expression of IL-24, an activator of the JAK1/STAT3/SOCS3 cascade, is enhanced in infl ammatory bowel disease. J Immunol, 2009, vol.183, no. 1, pp. 687–695. doi: 10.4049/jimmu-nol.0804169.Camarillo G. F., Furuzawa-Carballeda J., Martínez-Benítez B. et al. Role of the interleukin 24 in patients with ulcerative colitis. Infl amm Bowel Dis, 2011, vol.17, no. 10, pp. 2209–2210. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21635.Camarillo G. F., Furuzawa-Carballeda J., Martínez-Benítez B. et al. Role of the interleukin 24 in patients with ulcerative colitis. Infl amm Bowel Dis, 2011, vol.17, no. 10, pp. 2209–2210. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21635.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.